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[projector whirring]

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[train rumbling]

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[cool music]

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[upbeat music]

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[narrator] This film
begins with a book.

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The kind you find displayed
next to the register,

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an impulse buy for
uncertain times.

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The dystopian book of the week,

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suggested reading for
the coming catastrophe.

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The cover catering to our
deepest fears and anxieties.

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The title loudly
promising answers

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to urgent questions
during daily commutes.

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[Haffner] The Meaning Of
Hitler by Sebastian Haffner.

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"Chaos.

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Hitler never had nor
sought an occupation;

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on the contrary,
he positively avoided one.

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His shyness of occupation
is as striking a trait

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as his shyness
of marriage or intimacy.

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He did not wish to be the
first servant of the state

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but der Fuührer,
an absolute master.

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And he perceived correctly
that absolute rule
was not possible

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in an intact state organism

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but only amidst
controlled chaos.

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That was why from the outset,

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he replaced the states
with chaos."

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[upbeat music]

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You undermine the
institutions of the state

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because that magnifies
your own position.

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Everything's dependent on you.

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You might as well get onto
his similarities with Trump.

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[narrator] We begin with
the novelist Martin Amis.

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He's been thinking about
Hitler a lot lately.

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The similarities are,
in fact, an odd lot

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between Trump and Hitler.

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Fanatical cleanliness
is one trait

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and, of course,
lying is another.

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Here was a head of state
who didn't mind lying.

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There is no downside to lying.

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It's terrific at first

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because it looks for a moment
as if everything is possible.

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My understanding is
you wanna clear the air

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'cause you think you're
being unfavorably compared

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to Donald Trump.

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Don't get me wrong, Conan.
I agree with a lot
he says, a lot.

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Like 90% of what he says,
I'm like, "This guy gets it."

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-[Conan] Okay.
-[audience laughing]

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Perhaps the most
extraordinary thing about Hitler

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is how he resists understanding.

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And there's not one historian,
apart from Haffner,

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who claims to understand it.

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[cool music]

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[narrator]
Born in Berlin in 1907,

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Sebastian Haffner witnessed
Hitler come to power.

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For Haffner, Hitler was
the original radical loser,

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a man whose whole identity

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was staked on
a fanatical project,

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born from the radicalization

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of his and his followers'
perceived victimhood.

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In 1940, Haffner observed

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that for the world to
be done with Hitler,

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it had to kill
not just the man,
but the legend as well.

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As the newspaper
Der Spiegel put it,

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-"Hitler is here again."
-Was he a martyr to
German nationalism?

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Was he something of
a German Jesse James?

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[narrator]
Fast forward four decades,

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wary of cultural amnesia,

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Haffner aimed to
kill the legend.

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[page flipping]-
-[Haffner] " Hitler lived
from April 20th, 1889

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until April 30th, 1945.

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For 30 years, he was
an obscure failure.

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Then almost overnight,
a local celebrity

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and eventually the man
around whom

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the whole of world policy
revolved.

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How does that go together?"

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Uh, I don't really know.

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I don't think anyone knows.

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Fortunately,
you cannot put Hitler

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on a psychologist's couch.

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Maybe I could start by the fact
that in the course of history,

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Hitler has been assigned
almost any psychiatric
diagnosis that's available.

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Why can't he make
appointments like any normal
person?

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[chuckles]
Because, my dear Anna,

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our patient is not
exactly a normal person.

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Oedipus complex, megalomania.

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Bipolar disorder
or schizophrenic
and also as hysterical.

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So, I think any
psychiatric diagnosis
has been assigned to him.

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Our understanding
of Hitler is central

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to our self-understanding.

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It's a reckoning
you have to make

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if you're a serious person.

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And if anyone can advance

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the understanding of Hitler
by so much as a millimeter,

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then that is well
worth undertaking.

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Well, good luck.

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I mean... [chuckles]
He has no-- not a chance

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because I think
there is such a num--
such a vast

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conjunction of reasons,
of factors.

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[Evans] Historians are
endlessly arguing

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about the past
and the meaning of the past.

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There isn't any consensus
on many, many issues.

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[narrator]
It was at this point

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that we began to
question the wisdom

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of making a film called
The Meaning of Hitler,

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because you can't begin
to understand the meaning
of Hitler

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without first understanding
the meaning of history itself.

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Professor Saul Friedlaänder
would know.

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He's spent the better
part of his life

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studying Hitler
and the Holocaust.

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He was born Pavel in Prague,

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baptized Paul in France,

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renamed Shaul in Palestine,

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and is now simply
Saul in California.

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Understanding Hitler
is, in my opinion,
not the problem.

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We are drawn towards Nazis

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and towards the
personality of Hitler

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and that, I think,
is the main problem.

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[electronic music]

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-Heil, do you know me?
-...I'm fighting for Germany!

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My whole life
has been one long
struggle for Germany!

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[orchestral music]

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[upbeat music]

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[whispers] Adolf Hitler.

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[audience applauding]

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[speaking German]

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[narrator] Hollywood
has always loved Hitler,

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but the most famous Hitler film

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is the one he commissioned
about himself.

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Triumph of the Will,

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Leni Riefenstahl's
propaganda film

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about the 1934
Nuremberg Rally

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is arguably the most recycled

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and imitated film in history.

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The Nuremberg Rally was
a kind of work of art.

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It was kind of performance art.

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It's very aesthetic.

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The lighting, the fire-lit
faces of those young men.

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When Hitler's plane
is coming in,
the shadow of his little plane

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is being cast on the spires
and rooftops of Nuremberg.

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It's pure kitsch.
But if you knew nothing,

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I think you really might
think, "How beautiful."

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It's like the
Rockettes or something.
It's like, you know, Radio City.

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It's so-- I mean,
if it's divorced from its
origins and its purpose,

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it's this kind of
gorgeous pageantry,

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but the minute
you know anything,
it makes your flesh creep.

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[drums thumping]

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[speaking German]

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[Friedlaänder]
The Nazis understood
that martyrdom and death

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were much more potent
than "long live life"

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because it was
much closer to religious--
to a religious feeling

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and a sense of eternity,
in a way.

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[people applauding]

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The Nazis had a feeling
that they were acting

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in some huge historical play

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for the future, for history,

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and then people
will remember this

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for the next centuries
and centuries.

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That's the Wagnerian
sense of him.

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He was speaking of a performance

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but a performance for
eternity in a way, you see?

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-[Hitler speaking German]
-[TV narrator] Adolf Hitler.

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If you switch on German TV,

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you have a 95% chance to
get a Hitler documentary.

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-Hitler's Friends.
-Hitler in Private.

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Hitler's Household.

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The Ten Things You
Didn't Know About Hitler,

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and it's always the ten things
you already know about Hitler.

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[narrator] Call it
the Hitler Channel.

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We've seen Hitler's dogs,
his women, his cars,

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his food, his generals,
his secretaries,
his secret weapons

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and his drug habits,
never before seen footage

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in glorious color.

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Fascinating fascism.

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Has history lost all meaning?

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[foreboding music]

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Which begs the question,

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is it possible to
make a film like this

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without contributing
to the expansion

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of the Nazi cinematic universe?

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I mean, the images you can
show are very well known.

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So, it would be
redundant in many ways

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and it's all propaganda.

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[loud blast]

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[narrator] After the war,

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all Nazi monuments
were destroyed,

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but the images live on,

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each and every frame
a tribute to Nazism.

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This is the spell of
fascination we were warned
about,

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where propaganda is
repackaged as reality,

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sensation is
confused with meaning,

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and the Nazi past
is normalized.

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-Hitler did nothing wrong.
-Hitler did nothing wrong.

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Hitler actually wasn't that bad.

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Hitler was right.

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What we are saying
is that this image

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of National Socialism
and of Hitler,

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uh, ultimately
has a greater impact

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on the minds and the emotions
of younger generations today

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than...

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[Friedlaänder continues]

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Is that what you were saying?

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[Hitler speaking German]

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[wind howling]

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[narrator] Momentarily
rid of the impulse

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to make yet another
archival film,

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we wondered if there
was a better approach.

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00:12:00,271 --> 00:12:02,342
Perhaps we could come
closer to understanding

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00:12:02,376 --> 00:12:03,377
the meaning of Hitler

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if we started at the source.

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00:12:11,075 --> 00:12:12,904
Doöersheim, Austria,

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Hitler's ancestral village

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00:12:14,595 --> 00:12:16,943
and the source of
much speculation.

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00:12:17,875 --> 00:12:19,704
Was Hitler abused as a child?

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00:12:19,739 --> 00:12:22,569
A sexual deviant?

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00:12:22,603 --> 00:12:25,572
Or was there some dark
secret in his family tree?

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00:12:26,884 --> 00:12:29,334
To control the many
rumors about his past,

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Hitler simply erased it

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00:12:32,027 --> 00:12:35,271
and Doöersheim was declared
a restricted military area.

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00:12:36,410 --> 00:12:38,723
But the question remains.

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What made Hitler
Hitler?

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00:12:41,726 --> 00:12:45,109
Part of the spell
of great evil doers

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is that they do have this
capacity to astonish.

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00:12:48,457 --> 00:12:51,460
And you can't believe
anyone's going to behave

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00:12:51,494 --> 00:12:57,224
[stammers] as demonically
as that

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00:12:57,259 --> 00:13:01,263
and that in itself
confers a kind of aura.

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00:13:01,297 --> 00:13:03,092
[Haffner] "Hitler's life
lacked everything

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that normally lends
weight, warmth, and dignity

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00:13:06,130 --> 00:13:07,579
to a human life.

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00:13:07,614 --> 00:13:09,754
Education, occupation,

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00:13:09,789 --> 00:13:13,931
love and friendship,
marriage, parenthood.

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00:13:13,965 --> 00:13:15,415
There were a few women,

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but he treated them as
unimportant

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and did not make them happy."

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He liked his dog,
but tested a cyanide pill on it.

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00:13:27,668 --> 00:13:34,330
He got married 24 hours
before he and his wife went
through with a suicide pact.

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I mean, it's almost like
a travesty

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of what human relationships are.

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[Haffner]
"Hitler had no friends.

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00:13:43,477 --> 00:13:47,171
He enjoyed sitting for hours
on end with subordinate staff,

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drivers, bodyguards,
secretaries,

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but he alone did
all the talking.

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He refused to think
beyond his own lifespan.

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Everything had to
happen through himself.

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00:14:01,495 --> 00:14:03,463
A continuous
readiness for suicide

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00:14:03,497 --> 00:14:07,501
accompanied Hitler throughout
his political career.

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00:14:07,536 --> 00:14:10,125
And at its end, almost
as a matter of course,

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00:14:10,159 --> 00:14:12,058
stood a real suicide."

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00:14:15,889 --> 00:14:17,960
[Benecke]
Yeah, we are standing here
in the middle of Berlin.

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00:14:17,995 --> 00:14:21,136
That's the Holocaust
Shoah Memorial over there

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00:14:21,170 --> 00:14:23,034
and here's the Mall of Berlin.

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00:14:23,069 --> 00:14:26,313
And yeah, this is
just a parking lot

251
00:14:26,348 --> 00:14:31,249
with very unspectacular
prebuilt houses

252
00:14:31,698 --> 00:14:36,116
and, well, somewhere
down below the ground is the...

253
00:14:38,532 --> 00:14:40,051
My name is Enno Lenze

254
00:14:40,086 --> 00:14:42,743
and I run the
Berlin Story Bunker

255
00:14:42,778 --> 00:14:45,850
and the documentation
Hitler How Could It Happen?

256
00:14:45,885 --> 00:14:48,888
I'm doing a lot of tours
with school classes here

257
00:14:48,922 --> 00:14:53,030
and if you were born
like in the year 2000,

258
00:14:53,064 --> 00:14:55,204
then it was 55 years ago.

259
00:14:55,239 --> 00:14:57,206
So, it's like dinosaurs for you

260
00:14:57,241 --> 00:14:59,415
and you would say, "What
do I have to do with it?"

261
00:14:59,450 --> 00:15:02,073
Because you have never
heard of any war.

262
00:15:02,108 --> 00:15:05,559
Often we really have to
explain what a war is

263
00:15:05,594 --> 00:15:08,562
and what a bunker is
because they think a bunker

264
00:15:08,597 --> 00:15:12,773
is a place which rich
people buy to set up lofts.

265
00:15:12,808 --> 00:15:15,569
But there are many
questions like this like,

266
00:15:15,604 --> 00:15:17,433
"Were you forced to be a Nazi?"

267
00:15:17,468 --> 00:15:21,368
Or, especially, from
the US, people ask us,

268
00:15:21,403 --> 00:15:25,579
"Why were the Nazis
able to invade Germany?"

269
00:15:25,614 --> 00:15:28,272
So, yeah, we're already
beyond that point

270
00:15:28,306 --> 00:15:31,033
that people lost the
meaning of Hitler

271
00:15:31,068 --> 00:15:33,933
and it's really often
several times a day

272
00:15:33,967 --> 00:15:38,075
that people ask us about,
"Are you sure that he's dead?"

273
00:15:38,109 --> 00:15:42,320
If he's still alive,
he doesn't have jaws
and teeth, so...

274
00:15:42,355 --> 00:15:45,116
I'm Mark Benecke
and I'm a forensic biologist.

275
00:15:45,151 --> 00:15:47,567
In the Fuührerbunker,
there was one room
and it had a sofa

276
00:15:47,601 --> 00:15:50,259
and on the sofa Hitler
and his wife, Eva Hitler,

277
00:15:50,294 --> 00:15:51,295
were just sitting

278
00:15:51,329 --> 00:15:52,952
and then they killed themselves

279
00:15:52,986 --> 00:15:57,957
by taking a cyanide capsule
and shooting themselves.

280
00:16:00,442 --> 00:16:02,962
[gunshot, thud]

281
00:16:08,036 --> 00:16:13,973
Stalin first said that Hitler
poisoned himself, his words,
"like a wife."

282
00:16:14,007 --> 00:16:16,596
Some people think that females
have a tendency to use poison

283
00:16:16,630 --> 00:16:18,115
to kill themselves.

284
00:16:18,149 --> 00:16:22,291
Instead of soldiers,
especially leading soldiers,

285
00:16:22,326 --> 00:16:25,915
officers who are supposed
to kill themselves

286
00:16:25,950 --> 00:16:27,676
manly with a bullet.

287
00:16:28,021 --> 00:16:30,920
[speaking German]

288
00:16:33,647 --> 00:16:35,615
Many people think that
once you take cyanide,

289
00:16:35,649 --> 00:16:36,996
it's like in a movie.

290
00:16:37,030 --> 00:16:38,618
Your eyes start to roll,
which they don't,

291
00:16:38,652 --> 00:16:41,621
or you gasp or you move.

292
00:16:41,655 --> 00:16:44,175
None of this happens.
You just suffocate

293
00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:47,489
because the oxygen cannot
bind to your blood anymore
and then you die.

294
00:16:47,523 --> 00:16:48,800
So, during that time,

295
00:16:48,835 --> 00:16:50,630
you can still shoot,

296
00:16:50,664 --> 00:16:52,149
write a letter or
do whatever you want

297
00:16:52,183 --> 00:16:53,633
for half a minute or a minute.

298
00:16:53,667 --> 00:16:54,841
Now, darling.

299
00:16:54,875 --> 00:16:56,636
[gunshot]

300
00:16:56,670 --> 00:16:58,327
Afterwards, Hitler
was taken outside

301
00:16:58,362 --> 00:16:59,811
and wrapped in a blanket

302
00:16:59,846 --> 00:17:00,985
and then they burned the body

303
00:17:01,020 --> 00:17:02,883
because Hitler was very afraid

304
00:17:02,918 --> 00:17:07,716
that his body would be
presented like a loser.

305
00:17:08,889 --> 00:17:11,685
So, he said, "Okay,
just destroy my body."
It's very child-like.

306
00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:13,653
You know, like,
"Okay, I don't want to be shown.

307
00:17:13,687 --> 00:17:16,483
"So, burn me."
[chuckles]

308
00:17:16,518 --> 00:17:17,898
But that it was just him.

309
00:17:19,176 --> 00:17:21,868
There was a lot of
childishness in Hitler.

310
00:17:21,902 --> 00:17:27,391
Suicidal ideation,
as they call it, was always
with him.

311
00:17:28,185 --> 00:17:30,808
He just--
It's the answer to everything.

312
00:17:30,842 --> 00:17:32,499
The tap doesn't work.

313
00:17:32,534 --> 00:17:33,673
I know what I'll do.

314
00:17:33,707 --> 00:17:35,709
I'll blow my brains out.

315
00:17:38,850 --> 00:17:41,543
[narrator] Did you ever notice
how the door always closes

316
00:17:41,577 --> 00:17:45,719
or the camera pans away
right before Hitler
pulls the trigger?

317
00:17:45,754 --> 00:17:47,997
-[gunshot]
-Why does Hollywood
grant Hitler

318
00:17:48,032 --> 00:17:49,689
the kind of honorable death

319
00:17:49,723 --> 00:17:53,244
that is never given
to his victims?

320
00:17:53,279 --> 00:17:57,248
We see them suffer
every atrocity and
humiliation on screen,

321
00:17:57,283 --> 00:18:00,596
but Hitler is always allowed
to die on his own terms.

322
00:18:02,426 --> 00:18:05,912
And so, his legend lives on.

323
00:18:06,533 --> 00:18:09,260
[car engine revs]

324
00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:18,580
[upbeat music]

325
00:18:28,935 --> 00:18:32,456
[church bell rings]

326
00:18:46,642 --> 00:18:48,610
[Kotanko chuckles]
Well, we are here in Braunau.

327
00:18:48,644 --> 00:18:51,751
You can hear the bell.

328
00:18:51,785 --> 00:18:55,479
It's number six among
Austrian bell towers.

329
00:18:56,825 --> 00:19:01,968
Braunau is a small town,
about 17,000 inhabitants.

330
00:19:02,451 --> 00:19:05,282
It's close to the
border to Germany.

331
00:19:05,316 --> 00:19:08,008
The house behind me

332
00:19:09,113 --> 00:19:11,150
is the place where
Adolf Hitler was born

333
00:19:11,184 --> 00:19:14,705
on the 20th of April in 1889.

334
00:19:15,188 --> 00:19:20,159
The family lived there for
only a short period of time.

335
00:19:20,676 --> 00:19:24,784
It's sure that he was
born in this building

336
00:19:24,818 --> 00:19:28,615
because there are other
opinions he was born

337
00:19:28,650 --> 00:19:33,310
in another part of this complex,

338
00:19:33,344 --> 00:19:35,553
which was a stable.

339
00:19:36,554 --> 00:19:40,317
You know? A stable birth place?

340
00:19:40,351 --> 00:19:42,526
[laughs] So...

341
00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:45,356
But it's not true. Um...

342
00:19:45,874 --> 00:19:48,394
-That-- it's--
-[man] That would be
very convenient, though.

343
00:19:48,428 --> 00:19:49,395
Pardon?

344
00:19:49,429 --> 00:19:50,844
[man]

345
00:19:50,879 --> 00:19:52,363
Yeah, yes.

346
00:19:52,398 --> 00:19:54,710
You have the connection
to another.

347
00:19:54,745 --> 00:20:01,855
[chuckles]
Yeah, it's-- was...
there's a book, uh...

348
00:20:01,890 --> 00:20:06,929
which had the title
Braunau, Bethlehem
of the Third Reich.

349
00:20:08,241 --> 00:20:12,832
Mm-hmm.
It was an ordinary house
and it was an ordinary family

350
00:20:12,866 --> 00:20:16,353
and he started his life there,

351
00:20:16,387 --> 00:20:20,080
but he did not start his
career as a political criminal,

352
00:20:21,254 --> 00:20:22,704
but it's connected.

353
00:20:22,738 --> 00:20:25,224
You can't separate.

354
00:20:25,258 --> 00:20:30,781
You can't cut his life
from his political career.

355
00:20:31,575 --> 00:20:33,024
This stone was brought here

356
00:20:33,059 --> 00:20:37,546
from the concentration
camp of Mauthausen.

357
00:20:37,581 --> 00:20:43,380
This inscription is from the--
it's the political ideology.

358
00:20:43,414 --> 00:20:46,728
It's the wording of the 1990s.

359
00:20:46,762 --> 00:20:48,937
Maybe now we should have another

360
00:20:48,971 --> 00:20:52,561
because the name Hitler
is not mentioned.

361
00:20:52,596 --> 00:20:55,254
The authorities are
not hiding the fact.

362
00:20:55,288 --> 00:20:59,050
But, uh,
in my opinion, they are not
dealing in the proper way.

363
00:20:59,085 --> 00:21:01,915
We have to deal
with the history,

364
00:21:01,950 --> 00:21:06,610
but it's not fixed on
there on some bricks.

365
00:21:07,783 --> 00:21:09,889
It's not only the building.

366
00:21:09,923 --> 00:21:11,546
The building,
it's not as beautiful.

367
00:21:11,580 --> 00:21:13,582
It's not a...
[blows]

368
00:21:13,617 --> 00:21:17,379
Well, it's a building,
but it's all the connection

369
00:21:17,414 --> 00:21:19,899
in the brains of the
people who are coming here.

370
00:21:19,933 --> 00:21:22,419
That's what we can influence.

371
00:21:24,006 --> 00:21:25,629
[narrator] Two doors
down from the Hitler house

372
00:21:25,663 --> 00:21:27,803
is an Arab grocery store.

373
00:21:27,838 --> 00:21:31,255
In 2015, Braunau was a hotspot

374
00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:34,569
because we had thousands
and thousands of people

375
00:21:34,603 --> 00:21:38,814
from Africa, from Syria,
who wanted to go to Germany.

376
00:21:39,919 --> 00:21:42,439
Well, at this special time,

377
00:21:42,473 --> 00:21:45,131
the people assisted
the immigrants.

378
00:21:45,165 --> 00:21:47,927
They tried to to help them.

379
00:21:47,961 --> 00:21:50,447
They welcome them.

380
00:21:50,481 --> 00:21:52,966
But after a period of time,

381
00:21:53,001 --> 00:21:55,797
people began to think
about the future.

382
00:21:55,831 --> 00:21:58,662
If there really will come

383
00:21:58,696 --> 00:22:00,802
thousands and thousands
of immigrants,

384
00:22:00,836 --> 00:22:02,666
how to deal with this?

385
00:22:04,840 --> 00:22:06,980
People are mostly
afraid of strangers

386
00:22:07,015 --> 00:22:09,845
where there are
very few strangers.

387
00:22:11,191 --> 00:22:14,781
Those people who have no
feelings of their borders

388
00:22:14,816 --> 00:22:20,684
and put the borders of
the country as their own.

389
00:22:21,063 --> 00:22:23,825
So, if you sit somewhere
in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

390
00:22:23,859 --> 00:22:26,137
near of Berlin and the country,

391
00:22:26,172 --> 00:22:30,452
and somebody on the
Italian or Austrian border

392
00:22:30,487 --> 00:22:31,867
is pouring into Germany,

393
00:22:31,902 --> 00:22:34,974
it's a threat to their skin.

394
00:22:35,008 --> 00:22:38,046
[man speaking German]

395
00:22:51,162 --> 00:22:54,165
[spectator speaking German]

396
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:55,857
[cameraman in English]

397
00:22:56,167 --> 00:22:58,584
[man speaking German over PA]

398
00:22:58,618 --> 00:23:00,862
[woman speaking German]

399
00:23:00,896 --> 00:23:02,208
[speaking German]

400
00:23:07,938 --> 00:23:11,010
It's a nationalist movement.

401
00:23:11,044 --> 00:23:14,013
So, this is, once again,
a movement

402
00:23:14,047 --> 00:23:18,742
to separate one country or
one community from the other.

403
00:23:19,225 --> 00:23:21,503
Of course, this
is connected then

404
00:23:21,538 --> 00:23:27,198
with trying to get a
distance to the Nazi time.

405
00:23:27,233 --> 00:23:30,857
So, what the call the
revision of history

406
00:23:30,892 --> 00:23:34,413
is quite a central element

407
00:23:34,447 --> 00:23:38,727
of right-wing
extremist thinking.

408
00:23:38,762 --> 00:23:41,592
[speaking German]

409
00:23:45,424 --> 00:23:47,253
[applause]

410
00:23:48,910 --> 00:23:51,740
[siren wailing]

411
00:23:54,087 --> 00:23:56,711
[crowd]
Say it loud, say it clear.

412
00:23:56,745 --> 00:23:59,161
Refugees are welcome here.

413
00:24:00,266 --> 00:24:03,442
[protestors chanting]

414
00:24:08,585 --> 00:24:11,588
[chanting in German]

415
00:24:15,246 --> 00:24:17,145
[in English] Nazis out!

416
00:24:17,179 --> 00:24:20,424
[speaking German]

417
00:24:20,459 --> 00:24:22,599
[woman shouting in German]

418
00:24:22,633 --> 00:24:24,808
[chanting in German continues]

419
00:24:35,784 --> 00:24:37,993
[chanting in German]

420
00:24:45,691 --> 00:24:48,590
[narrator] Wird sind das volk,
"we are the people,"

421
00:24:48,625 --> 00:24:50,592
was the rallying cry
of these Germans

422
00:24:50,627 --> 00:24:53,112
that led to the collapse
of the Berlin Wall.

423
00:24:53,146 --> 00:24:54,976
But here the words don't unite.

424
00:24:55,010 --> 00:24:56,840
-They divide.
-[people shouting in German]

425
00:25:00,499 --> 00:25:03,122
[narrator]
"Luünpresse," the lying press.

426
00:25:03,156 --> 00:25:05,158
The enemy of the people.

427
00:25:05,193 --> 00:25:08,127
This is the language of Nazism.

428
00:25:08,161 --> 00:25:11,026
-[chanting in German continues]
-[producer in English]

429
00:25:16,342 --> 00:25:17,826
What is happening now

430
00:25:17,861 --> 00:25:20,829
is the great replacement.

431
00:25:20,864 --> 00:25:24,971
By mass migration,
by failed migration policy

432
00:25:25,006 --> 00:25:26,525
you see a shift in
European demographics

433
00:25:26,559 --> 00:25:28,665
in every Western
European nation.

434
00:25:28,699 --> 00:25:31,840
In a few decades,
the populations will be
replaced.

435
00:25:31,875 --> 00:25:34,843
Nationalisms look for enemies.

436
00:25:34,878 --> 00:25:38,019
This is true of 2018, '19,

437
00:25:38,053 --> 00:25:42,471
just as it is of the
beginning of the 20th century.

438
00:25:42,506 --> 00:25:44,922
[upbeat music]

439
00:25:51,895 --> 00:25:54,380
[narrator] Much has been made
of Hitler's time in Vienna,

440
00:25:54,414 --> 00:25:57,072
especially by Hitler himself.

441
00:25:57,107 --> 00:26:01,042
Hitler lived here,
here, here, here,

442
00:26:01,076 --> 00:26:03,872
and here he lived in
a homeless shelter.

443
00:26:05,425 --> 00:26:09,429
This is the art school he
famously failed to enter twice.

444
00:26:10,120 --> 00:26:12,881
He's an artist,
but a failed artist

445
00:26:12,916 --> 00:26:17,576
and I think that's worth
giving some thought to.

446
00:26:20,130 --> 00:26:23,167
[woman]
We're in the US Army's
Museum Support Center

447
00:26:23,202 --> 00:26:26,239
at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

448
00:26:26,274 --> 00:26:27,586
[narrator]
You know the warehouse

449
00:26:27,620 --> 00:26:29,104
at the end of
Raiders of the Lost Ark,

450
00:26:29,139 --> 00:26:31,106
where the US government
stores artifacts

451
00:26:31,141 --> 00:26:32,936
too dangerous to see
the light of day?

452
00:26:34,109 --> 00:26:36,077
This is that place.

453
00:26:38,976 --> 00:26:43,498
[woman]
So, this is an oversized
head of Adolf Hitler.

454
00:26:44,292 --> 00:26:47,467
It came to us from
the Eagle's Nest.

455
00:26:47,502 --> 00:26:49,953
When this piece was
examined by conservators,

456
00:26:49,987 --> 00:26:56,131
they noted graffiti along
both sides of his neck,

457
00:26:56,166 --> 00:26:59,445
um, and it has been removed.

458
00:26:59,479 --> 00:27:02,413
But at one point, somebody
painted the word "fool"

459
00:27:02,448 --> 00:27:04,208
on one side of his face

460
00:27:04,243 --> 00:27:08,247
and an anatomically correct,

461
00:27:08,281 --> 00:27:12,113
um, phallus on the other side.

462
00:27:12,147 --> 00:27:15,081
So I never know
how to explain that.
[chuckles]

463
00:27:15,116 --> 00:27:18,671
You know?
A portion of the male anatomy
on the other side of his face.

464
00:27:20,742 --> 00:27:22,917
[narrator] The army
holds nearly 600 pieces

465
00:27:22,951 --> 00:27:26,299
of confiscated art
classified as either propaganda

466
00:27:26,334 --> 00:27:29,095
or dangerously promoting
Hitler and Nazism,

467
00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:31,442
including work
by Hitler himself.

468
00:27:31,477 --> 00:27:34,273
So, the four watercolors
by Adolf Hitler

469
00:27:34,307 --> 00:27:37,138
were a part of Heinrich
Hoffman's collection.

470
00:27:37,172 --> 00:27:40,106
Heinrich Hoffmann was Hitler's
personal photographer.

471
00:27:40,141 --> 00:27:44,317
And at the end of the war,
his collection of photographs

472
00:27:44,352 --> 00:27:46,147
as well as these
four watercolors

473
00:27:46,181 --> 00:27:48,977
were confiscated
by the US Army.

474
00:27:49,012 --> 00:27:52,981
This one here is the first
chronologically out of the four.

475
00:27:53,016 --> 00:27:56,813
It was done during his period
as a street artist in Vienna

476
00:27:56,847 --> 00:27:59,505
around 1910 or so.

477
00:27:59,539 --> 00:28:03,129
Um, it portrays, you know,
a random street scene
in Vienna.

478
00:28:03,164 --> 00:28:05,649
There is one human figure,

479
00:28:05,684 --> 00:28:08,203
uh, portrayed right
there in the center.

480
00:28:08,238 --> 00:28:10,171
You know,
he has the attention to detail

481
00:28:10,205 --> 00:28:13,174
that you might want to
see in an architect,

482
00:28:13,208 --> 00:28:15,624
um, but, you know, could he
create this

483
00:28:15,659 --> 00:28:17,316
if he was not standing
in front of it

484
00:28:17,350 --> 00:28:20,008
or copying from a postcard?

485
00:28:20,043 --> 00:28:21,492
Probably not.

486
00:28:21,527 --> 00:28:24,150
If I were on the board
of the Vienna art school

487
00:28:24,185 --> 00:28:25,807
when he applied,

488
00:28:25,842 --> 00:28:29,984
and if he applied just based
on these four watercolors,

489
00:28:30,018 --> 00:28:34,195
my feedback would be
"I wanna see more
variety in your work."

490
00:28:34,713 --> 00:28:37,577
You know, as an artist,
he was not that good.

491
00:28:38,751 --> 00:28:44,412
He could have ended his life
as an unsuccessful artist,

492
00:28:45,758 --> 00:28:47,726
just like Himmler could
have ended his life

493
00:28:47,760 --> 00:28:51,108
as a chicken farmer,
which is something that he
studied.

494
00:28:51,764 --> 00:28:55,423
Uh, and Goebbels as a
journalist at some paper.

495
00:28:56,389 --> 00:28:58,875
But condition was such
that it made it possible

496
00:28:58,909 --> 00:29:02,637
for people like that
to represent large
numbers of people.

497
00:29:04,156 --> 00:29:06,883
[man speaking German]

498
00:29:12,371 --> 00:29:14,407
[speaking German]

499
00:30:39,182 --> 00:30:41,805
[Haffner] "According to
his account inMein Kampf,

500
00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:44,359
the observation that
Jews were different

501
00:30:44,394 --> 00:30:46,465
was enough
for the conclusion,

502
00:30:46,499 --> 00:30:49,330
'Because they are different,
they have to be removed.'"

503
00:30:49,364 --> 00:30:51,988
[Evans] A lot of what he talks
about in Mein Kampf

504
00:30:52,022 --> 00:30:56,026
about his earlier life
is invented or imagined.

505
00:30:56,061 --> 00:31:00,203
It's not factually reliable
but it is a clue
to his ideology.

506
00:31:00,237 --> 00:31:05,173
You can look at it
and see quite a lot of what
he actually believes in.

507
00:31:05,208 --> 00:31:07,175
Hitler believed every word

508
00:31:07,210 --> 00:31:10,834
of what he was saying,
every word.

509
00:31:10,869 --> 00:31:13,043
-[dramatic music]
-What is antisemitism?

510
00:31:13,078 --> 00:31:16,495
Antisemitism is a
conspiracy theory.

511
00:31:16,529 --> 00:31:19,360
And when social scientists
talk about conspiracy theories,

512
00:31:19,394 --> 00:31:23,088
they're talking about something
that has no basis
in rational fact.

513
00:31:23,571 --> 00:31:26,022
You know, I was--
if I was late to this
interview this morning,

514
00:31:26,056 --> 00:31:30,198
and I'd tell you the traffic
on Broadway was horrendous

515
00:31:30,233 --> 00:31:32,683
because they knew I was
coming to this interview

516
00:31:32,718 --> 00:31:34,375
and the antisemites
were out there

517
00:31:34,409 --> 00:31:35,859
to prevent me from getting here,

518
00:31:35,894 --> 00:31:38,689
you'd say, "Cut,
this woman is nuts.

519
00:31:38,724 --> 00:31:40,381
We'll go onto the next person."

520
00:31:44,281 --> 00:31:45,731
You know,
think about the charges

521
00:31:45,765 --> 00:31:48,389
that the antisemite
makes against the Jews.

522
00:31:48,423 --> 00:31:51,944
The Jews are clannish.
The Jews are pushy.

523
00:31:51,979 --> 00:31:54,429
How can you be clannish
and pushy at the same time?

524
00:31:54,464 --> 00:31:59,538
The Jews are all communists,
leftists, and today's Soros,
trying to overthrow society.

525
00:31:59,572 --> 00:32:01,574
Well, how can you
be a capitalist and a communist
at the same--

526
00:32:01,609 --> 00:32:04,025
It doesn't make sense.
It's irrational.

527
00:32:04,060 --> 00:32:08,547
So, when we try to figure out

528
00:32:08,581 --> 00:32:12,275
where Hitler's
antisemitism came from,

529
00:32:12,309 --> 00:32:13,793
what we're trying to do

530
00:32:13,828 --> 00:32:18,626
is rationally explain
an irrational sentiment.

531
00:32:18,660 --> 00:32:22,457
When people say,
"Oh, well, his mother was
treated by a Jewish doctor

532
00:32:22,492 --> 00:32:24,701
and he couldn't save her."

533
00:32:24,735 --> 00:32:26,392
So what?

534
00:32:26,427 --> 00:32:28,429
The minute you're trying to
give a rational explanation

535
00:32:28,463 --> 00:32:30,569
for an irrational sentiment,

536
00:32:30,603 --> 00:32:32,260
you're gonna be lost.

537
00:32:32,295 --> 00:32:34,469
[cool music]

538
00:32:45,929 --> 00:32:47,137
I think we're lost.

539
00:32:51,486 --> 00:32:54,627
[Haffner]
"Recently, an English
historian, David Irving,

540
00:32:54,662 --> 00:32:56,940
has disputed Hitler's
responsibility

541
00:32:56,975 --> 00:32:58,597
for the murder of the Jews,

542
00:32:58,631 --> 00:33:00,323
which Irving claims

543
00:33:00,357 --> 00:33:03,429
was performed by Himmler
on his own initiative

544
00:33:03,464 --> 00:33:05,984
behind Hitler's back.

545
00:33:06,018 --> 00:33:08,331
Irving's thesis
is untenable."

546
00:33:08,365 --> 00:33:11,334
I'll offer you $1,000
if you can prove that

547
00:33:11,368 --> 00:33:14,613
there's even one page,
one wartime page

548
00:33:14,647 --> 00:33:16,649
showing Adolf Hitler
ordering the extermination,

549
00:33:16,684 --> 00:33:18,617
or even knowing it was
going on, whatever it was,

550
00:33:18,651 --> 00:33:20,308
the extermination of the Jews.

551
00:33:20,343 --> 00:33:22,966
David Irving, please.
[chuckles]

552
00:33:23,001 --> 00:33:27,626
David Irving, whom I met
several times way back,

553
00:33:27,660 --> 00:33:30,456
is really not a
serious historian

554
00:33:30,491 --> 00:33:34,460
and already in the
late '70's, early '80's,

555
00:33:34,495 --> 00:33:39,155
David Irving was considered
very close to neo-Nazis,

556
00:33:39,189 --> 00:33:40,915
if not to a neo-Nazi.

557
00:33:40,949 --> 00:33:42,813
[reporter] In his
books on the Nazi era,

558
00:33:42,848 --> 00:33:45,506
British writer David Irving
has argued Adolf Hitler

559
00:33:45,540 --> 00:33:48,129
never ordered the
mass killing of Jews.

560
00:33:48,164 --> 00:33:51,201
His views have endeared him to
neo-Nazis

561
00:33:51,236 --> 00:33:54,653
and gotten him arrested
in Germany and Canada.

562
00:33:54,687 --> 00:33:57,380
He insists Auschwitz
was no death camp

563
00:33:57,414 --> 00:34:00,866
and he's suing an American
author who calls him a liar.

564
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:03,213
It's an unfortunate
consequence of this trial

565
00:34:03,248 --> 00:34:06,561
that Auschwitz will
lose all credibility
by the time the trial is over.

566
00:34:06,596 --> 00:34:09,012
[reporter] The defendant is
Deborah Lipstadt.

567
00:34:09,047 --> 00:34:13,223
I defended myself
with everything
I possibly could-- history.

568
00:34:13,258 --> 00:34:14,914
That's how we defended.

569
00:34:14,949 --> 00:34:19,367
We brought historians
into the courtroom

570
00:34:19,402 --> 00:34:23,544
and we followed the footnotes
back to their sources

571
00:34:23,578 --> 00:34:27,858
so that Richard Evans could
say, "It's simply not true."

572
00:34:27,893 --> 00:34:29,860
If you go through, as I did,

573
00:34:29,895 --> 00:34:32,242
saw all his publications
and his speeches,

574
00:34:32,277 --> 00:34:34,555
you can see right to
the very beginning

575
00:34:34,589 --> 00:34:37,730
he tried to exonerate
Hitler all the way through

576
00:34:37,765 --> 00:34:40,078
from any involvement
in the Holocaust

577
00:34:40,112 --> 00:34:44,047
unless it was to try and
stop it or minimize it.

578
00:34:44,082 --> 00:34:46,049
"Hitler was probably
the best friend

579
00:34:46,084 --> 00:34:47,671
that Jews ever had
in the Third Reich,"

580
00:34:47,706 --> 00:34:49,397
he said on one occasion.

581
00:34:49,432 --> 00:34:51,537
And I think he
genuinely believed that.

582
00:34:51,572 --> 00:34:54,747
The court called him
a neo-Nazi polemicist.

583
00:34:54,782 --> 00:34:56,715
The court described his work

584
00:34:56,749 --> 00:34:59,718
as having no facilitated
antisemitism.

585
00:34:59,752 --> 00:35:01,720
The court spoke of his racism.

586
00:35:01,754 --> 00:35:02,893
The verdict will be welcomed

587
00:35:02,928 --> 00:35:04,412
by many around the world,

588
00:35:04,447 --> 00:35:06,380
who see it as a triumph
of truth

589
00:35:06,414 --> 00:35:10,246
over attempts to rewrite a
terrible chapter in history.

590
00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:12,110
Irving now says
he will appeal...

591
00:35:12,144 --> 00:35:14,077
[narrator] You can't
make a film about Hitler

592
00:35:14,112 --> 00:35:16,459
and not talk to his
biggest admirer.

593
00:35:16,493 --> 00:35:19,772
So we reached out to
David Irving for an interview.

594
00:35:19,807 --> 00:35:22,603
He replied with an
email that began,

595
00:35:22,637 --> 00:35:25,088
"You may be a Jew."

596
00:35:25,123 --> 00:35:26,779
He suggested that
we meet in Poland

597
00:35:26,814 --> 00:35:30,093
during one of his so-called
real history tours

598
00:35:30,128 --> 00:35:32,268
through notable Hitler sites.

599
00:35:37,273 --> 00:35:39,309
[woman]

600
00:36:18,486 --> 00:36:20,005
[woman humming]

601
00:36:28,531 --> 00:36:30,084
Yeah. Yeah.

602
00:36:30,981 --> 00:36:32,569
[blows whistle]

603
00:36:34,157 --> 00:36:35,986
[Irving] He's a man who,
according to the enemy,

604
00:36:36,021 --> 00:36:40,336
has millions of notches on
his rifle butt so to speak.

605
00:36:40,370 --> 00:36:42,855
Millions of deaths that
he's responsible for.

606
00:36:42,890 --> 00:36:45,858
And so, that what's people
know about him.

607
00:36:45,893 --> 00:36:49,724
I announce that if people
can come on the tours

608
00:36:49,759 --> 00:36:53,211
and make up their own minds
and see what they're saying,

609
00:36:53,245 --> 00:36:55,730
see what they see and then
see what they believe.

610
00:36:55,765 --> 00:36:58,871
I don't try and push them
one way or the other.

611
00:36:58,906 --> 00:37:01,011
They're interested in this
man who's been lied about.

612
00:37:01,046 --> 00:37:02,565
They want to see him.

613
00:37:02,599 --> 00:37:04,222
They want to see him close up

614
00:37:04,256 --> 00:37:06,016
and this is about as
close up as you get

615
00:37:06,051 --> 00:37:08,053
with Adolf Hitler
and the legend.

616
00:37:08,087 --> 00:37:11,056
Seeing the actual bunkers
where he and his staff lived.

617
00:37:11,090 --> 00:37:13,576
And the interesting thing
is to come and look at it here.

618
00:37:13,610 --> 00:37:15,992
He was protected from the enemy

619
00:37:16,026 --> 00:37:18,546
by these immense concrete walls,

620
00:37:19,754 --> 00:37:21,687
but in the long run,

621
00:37:21,722 --> 00:37:24,897
the truth will filter
through, filter out.

622
00:37:27,555 --> 00:37:29,557
[interviewer]

623
00:37:30,558 --> 00:37:33,181
No, Hitchens did, though.

624
00:37:33,216 --> 00:37:34,838
He came to see
Christopher in Washington,

625
00:37:34,873 --> 00:37:36,219
went down in the elevator

626
00:37:36,254 --> 00:37:40,982
with Christopher's
wife and and daughter

627
00:37:41,949 --> 00:37:47,092
and sang a terrible
song to the daughter.

628
00:37:48,266 --> 00:37:51,924
It was a sort of
racist limerick.

629
00:37:51,959 --> 00:37:54,962
-About my little daughter?
-Your not a--

630
00:37:56,412 --> 00:37:58,414
"I am a something-something
Aryan,

631
00:37:58,448 --> 00:38:00,381
not Jewish or sectarian.

632
00:38:00,416 --> 00:38:04,627
I have no plans to marry
an ape or Rastafarian."

633
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:10,253
Christopher's wife, Carol,
who's not easily shocked said,

634
00:38:10,288 --> 00:38:13,774
"Don't ever leave me alone
with that man again."

635
00:38:14,809 --> 00:38:17,571
It was a very good poem
or a very clever poem.

636
00:38:17,605 --> 00:38:19,952
It was so clever.
In fact, I wrote it
down in my diary,

637
00:38:19,987 --> 00:38:21,782
which is where the
the enemy found it
in the Lipstadt trial,

638
00:38:21,816 --> 00:38:23,301
in my diaries.

639
00:38:23,335 --> 00:38:24,647
And right at the very end,

640
00:38:24,681 --> 00:38:27,305
they kind of dredged
it up as being proof

641
00:38:27,339 --> 00:38:29,341
Mr. Irving being a racist.

642
00:38:29,376 --> 00:38:32,965
In this organized attempt
to smear me into oblivion,

643
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:34,588
the enemy, as I recall,

644
00:38:34,622 --> 00:38:36,935
traditional enemies
of the truths

645
00:38:36,969 --> 00:38:38,937
have generated-- constructed
this picture

646
00:38:38,971 --> 00:38:40,939
of me being a Holocaust denier,

647
00:38:40,973 --> 00:38:42,285
which is a strange
kind of phrase.

648
00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:43,976
I never met this phrase,
Holocaust denier.

649
00:38:44,011 --> 00:38:47,463
It's one of these
artificial kind of phrases.

650
00:38:47,497 --> 00:38:49,119
It means nothing
when you analyze it.

651
00:38:49,154 --> 00:38:51,501
Old-fashioned
Holocaust deniers

652
00:38:51,536 --> 00:38:54,642
are essentially
neo-Nazis or neo-fascists.

653
00:38:54,677 --> 00:38:57,680
So, people with ultra
right-wing views,

654
00:38:57,714 --> 00:38:59,337
who are antisemitic

655
00:38:59,371 --> 00:39:03,168
and believe that the Jews
have invented all this...

656
00:39:03,202 --> 00:39:09,692
It is a form of antisemitism,
clothed in historical-like garb.

657
00:39:09,726 --> 00:39:11,832
We're just examining history.

658
00:39:11,866 --> 00:39:14,490
We only wanna get to
the truth in history

659
00:39:14,524 --> 00:39:16,284
and if this history
can be rewritten,

660
00:39:16,319 --> 00:39:18,804
any history can be rewritten.

661
00:39:18,839 --> 00:39:21,462
And we've seen that today.
We're seeing that today
in the United States.

662
00:39:21,497 --> 00:39:24,810
We're seeing that today
in parts of Europe

663
00:39:24,845 --> 00:39:28,227
where history just becomes
a political play thing.

664
00:39:28,262 --> 00:39:33,025
And this is what the danger
of the times we are
now living through,

665
00:39:33,060 --> 00:39:36,374
when the very concept of truth
itself has been questioned.

666
00:39:38,583 --> 00:39:40,447
[Zuckerberg] So, let's take this
a little closer to home, right?

667
00:39:40,481 --> 00:39:42,172
-So, I'm Jewish...
-[Swisher] Mm-hmm.

668
00:39:42,207 --> 00:39:45,037
...um, and there's a set
of people who deny

669
00:39:45,072 --> 00:39:46,522
that the Holocaust
happened, right?

670
00:39:46,556 --> 00:39:48,351
I find that deeply offensive.

671
00:39:48,386 --> 00:39:50,836
But at the end of the day,

672
00:39:50,871 --> 00:39:54,909
I don't believe that
our platform should
take that down

673
00:39:54,944 --> 00:39:58,706
because I think
that there are things that
different people get wrong.

674
00:39:58,741 --> 00:40:01,191
Um, either...
I don't think that they're

675
00:40:01,226 --> 00:40:03,573
intentionally getting it
wrong, but I think that they--

676
00:40:03,608 --> 00:40:06,058
[Swisher] In the case of
the Holocaust deniers,
they might be, but go ahead.

677
00:40:06,093 --> 00:40:09,061
[Zuckerberg] It's hard
to impugn intent.

678
00:40:09,786 --> 00:40:12,271
The minute you
give room to people

679
00:40:12,306 --> 00:40:18,899
who are clearly twisting
history and distorting history,

680
00:40:18,933 --> 00:40:21,867
not just a different
interpretation of history,

681
00:40:21,902 --> 00:40:23,731
but such a distortion

682
00:40:23,766 --> 00:40:27,390
and you say, "Oh, everybody's
a right to their opinion."

683
00:40:27,425 --> 00:40:29,530
There are facts,

684
00:40:29,565 --> 00:40:30,842
there are opinions,

685
00:40:30,876 --> 00:40:32,430
and there're lies,

686
00:40:32,464 --> 00:40:33,776
and that's lies.

687
00:40:33,810 --> 00:40:35,881
History is not propaganda.

688
00:40:35,916 --> 00:40:38,574
[birds chirping]

689
00:40:49,654 --> 00:40:52,967
[Haffner] "During the war,
Hitler was politically happy.

690
00:40:53,002 --> 00:40:57,282
Only his antisemitism
remained unsatisfied

691
00:40:57,316 --> 00:41:02,080
but otherwise,
things went splendidly well
for four years."

692
00:41:02,114 --> 00:41:05,324
He was here in the
chaotic phase of the war.

693
00:41:05,359 --> 00:41:08,742
The war-- The front was not
consolidated at that time,

694
00:41:08,776 --> 00:41:10,433
but everything was very chaotic.

695
00:41:10,468 --> 00:41:13,471
There was still very
hard fighting over here.

696
00:41:14,644 --> 00:41:17,785
[teacher]

697
00:41:17,820 --> 00:41:19,062
[Emily]

698
00:41:19,097 --> 00:41:20,823
[girl]

699
00:41:21,306 --> 00:41:23,584
When we stand here today,
it's a very peaceful,

700
00:41:23,619 --> 00:41:26,138
a very beautiful and
a nice landscape.

701
00:41:26,173 --> 00:41:30,108
It's very difficult
to get in touch

702
00:41:30,142 --> 00:41:32,973
with the atmosphere
of those days.

703
00:41:33,007 --> 00:41:36,666
The noise and the smell
and the war material,

704
00:41:36,701 --> 00:41:41,119
but we still miss
the part of the story.

705
00:41:41,153 --> 00:41:45,641
It's too quiet.
It's too touristic.

706
00:41:45,675 --> 00:41:47,125
[laughs lightly]

707
00:41:47,159 --> 00:41:50,024
[trumpet fanfare playing]

708
00:42:01,035 --> 00:42:04,004
[narrator] In 1940, as the
British evacuated Dunkirk,

709
00:42:04,038 --> 00:42:07,214
Hitler went on a car tour
of World War I sites.

710
00:42:10,700 --> 00:42:13,323
Here is the village
where his first wound
was treated.

711
00:42:13,358 --> 00:42:16,223
[trumpets continue]

712
00:42:17,327 --> 00:42:19,191
A command bunker.

713
00:42:23,886 --> 00:42:28,476
At one point, he stopped the
car and asked some locals,

714
00:42:28,511 --> 00:42:30,893
"My name is Hitler.
Do you remember me?"

715
00:42:32,515 --> 00:42:34,379
He then visited a cemetery.

716
00:42:34,413 --> 00:42:37,416
[trumpets continue]

717
00:42:48,048 --> 00:42:51,016
[somber music]

718
00:42:51,051 --> 00:42:53,881
-I am blind.
-No organic damage.

719
00:42:53,916 --> 00:42:55,918
No sign of gas poisoning.

720
00:42:55,952 --> 00:42:57,885
His eyes
are completely normal

721
00:42:57,920 --> 00:42:59,715
but he insists
that he can't see.

722
00:42:59,749 --> 00:43:01,371
He probably can't.

723
00:43:01,406 --> 00:43:03,408
A case of hysteria, shock.

724
00:43:03,442 --> 00:43:05,203
An emotional, unbalanced mind

725
00:43:05,237 --> 00:43:07,067
retreating into illness.

726
00:43:07,101 --> 00:43:08,896
We know from other documents

727
00:43:08,931 --> 00:43:13,211
that the diagnosis he's
been given was gas poisoning,

728
00:43:13,245 --> 00:43:15,247
but there has been a
tremendous speculation going on

729
00:43:15,282 --> 00:43:19,217
that he was actually being
treated for psychiatric reasons

730
00:43:19,251 --> 00:43:21,944
and the speculation
goes like this.

731
00:43:21,978 --> 00:43:25,085
He underwent
psychiatric treatment

732
00:43:25,119 --> 00:43:27,225
that he had been
hypnotized, actually.

733
00:43:27,259 --> 00:43:28,778
Hypnosis is often effective

734
00:43:28,813 --> 00:43:31,022
in certain types
of battle neuroses,

735
00:43:31,056 --> 00:43:33,265
such as amnesia.

736
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:34,922
Put your mind on going to
sleep.

737
00:43:34,957 --> 00:43:37,615
All right.
Now keep your eyes on mine.

738
00:43:37,649 --> 00:43:41,135
Keep your eyes on mine.
Going into a deep, deep sleep.

739
00:43:41,170 --> 00:43:45,277
-Going into
a deep, deep sleep...
-Had been suggested that, okay,

740
00:43:45,312 --> 00:43:48,246
a person of exceptional
qualities can overcome

741
00:43:48,280 --> 00:43:51,283
the blindness you suffer from.

742
00:43:51,318 --> 00:43:56,599
And you are this person
and you're born to be
Germans' savior

743
00:43:56,634 --> 00:43:58,428
in the moment of surrender.

744
00:43:58,463 --> 00:44:00,914
This was used to
overcome his blindness,

745
00:44:00,948 --> 00:44:03,744
but it was never
taken back, the hypnosis.

746
00:44:03,779 --> 00:44:07,437
And he acted under
control or manipulated

747
00:44:07,472 --> 00:44:11,925
by the hypnotic suggestion
for which there is

748
00:44:11,959 --> 00:44:14,824
no evidence whatsoever.

749
00:44:14,859 --> 00:44:18,138
We have the desire
to fill in the blanks

750
00:44:18,172 --> 00:44:22,798
and make up stories where we
have no certain knowledge.

751
00:44:22,832 --> 00:44:26,111
But the underlying rationale
is always the same.

752
00:44:26,146 --> 00:44:28,596
It's that of reduced
responsibility.

753
00:44:28,631 --> 00:44:30,253
We have been hypnotized.

754
00:44:30,288 --> 00:44:32,290
He was hypnotized.

755
00:44:32,324 --> 00:44:35,465
So in the end,
it's no one's guilt.

756
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:41,161
It's some obscure illness
or hypnotic process.

757
00:44:41,195 --> 00:44:43,819
People are afraid
of identifying

758
00:44:43,853 --> 00:44:46,200
with the Nazis and with Hitler.

759
00:44:46,235 --> 00:44:48,720
But Hitler was a
perfectly normal person.

760
00:44:49,376 --> 00:44:52,206
Uh, his psychological
problems are no different

761
00:44:52,241 --> 00:44:55,313
from those of many
millions of others.

762
00:44:55,347 --> 00:44:57,867
[bell rings]

763
00:45:09,189 --> 00:45:11,881
[music playing]

764
00:45:14,056 --> 00:45:17,162
[Nerdinger]
Munich is from the outside,

765
00:45:17,197 --> 00:45:20,510
not much connected
with the Nazi history,

766
00:45:20,545 --> 00:45:23,237
but everything started here.

767
00:45:23,272 --> 00:45:29,727
We are here exactly at
the place where until 1945

768
00:45:29,761 --> 00:45:35,594
was the representative
headquarters of the Nazi Party.

769
00:45:35,629 --> 00:45:39,391
Here we are at the place
of the perpetrators.

770
00:45:39,426 --> 00:45:43,741
And here we do not
want to create empathy.

771
00:45:43,775 --> 00:45:47,365
We do not want to make
an event out of history.

772
00:45:47,399 --> 00:45:51,921
We want to have a
distant, rational approach

773
00:45:51,956 --> 00:45:55,235
so that you can
learn out of history.

774
00:45:55,269 --> 00:46:00,102
We do not want to make
Nazi history interesting.

775
00:46:00,136 --> 00:46:03,381
We do not want to
make it an event.

776
00:46:03,415 --> 00:46:06,246
Hitler started his career here.

777
00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:09,974
Hitler founded the Nazi Party

778
00:46:10,008 --> 00:46:13,253
here in 1920
and he got help from

779
00:46:13,287 --> 00:46:15,980
all different groups of society.

780
00:46:16,774 --> 00:46:20,122
Munich was called the
capital of the movement.

781
00:46:22,158 --> 00:46:23,919
[Haffner] "The party,
when Hitler joined it,

782
00:46:23,953 --> 00:46:26,300
was an obscure
backroom organization

783
00:46:26,335 --> 00:46:28,786
with a few hundred members
of little importance.

784
00:46:30,304 --> 00:46:32,928
The breakthrough experience
was his own discovery

785
00:46:32,962 --> 00:46:34,757
of his power as an orator,

786
00:46:34,792 --> 00:46:36,621
when with sweeping success,

787
00:46:36,655 --> 00:46:39,797
he made his first
speech at a mass rally."

788
00:46:39,831 --> 00:46:43,766
[Frevert]
So he studied his audience.

789
00:46:43,801 --> 00:46:48,288
And he had all these
kind of ideas about mass.

790
00:46:48,322 --> 00:46:50,428
The mass being feminine,

791
00:46:50,462 --> 00:46:54,259
the mass being easily won over

792
00:46:54,294 --> 00:46:57,607
by a certain way of
addressing the mass,

793
00:46:57,642 --> 00:47:01,301
by the mass being
open to contagion.

794
00:47:01,335 --> 00:47:02,958
When you are in the crowd

795
00:47:02,992 --> 00:47:05,477
and the crowd is very close

796
00:47:05,512 --> 00:47:08,101
and the crowd has this certain

797
00:47:08,135 --> 00:47:10,275
power of changing you,

798
00:47:10,310 --> 00:47:12,622
then it can be like
in a love affair.

799
00:47:12,657 --> 00:47:14,624
You can become another person.

800
00:47:14,659 --> 00:47:18,180
He wanted to whip up
their emotions,

801
00:47:18,214 --> 00:47:21,977
but also tame them
and channel them.

802
00:47:22,011 --> 00:47:24,842
The masses are put into a form

803
00:47:25,566 --> 00:47:27,534
and then they are
no longer a threat.

804
00:47:28,017 --> 00:47:29,777
'Cause that's one thing
that he never wanted.

805
00:47:29,812 --> 00:47:31,538
He didn't want chaos.

806
00:47:31,572 --> 00:47:34,506
Hitler puts those
people into blocks.

807
00:47:34,541 --> 00:47:40,133
They have to... [whistles]
stand like this on the field
in a row,

808
00:47:40,167 --> 00:47:43,446
in a vertical
and horizontal row
and all of them,

809
00:47:43,481 --> 00:47:45,379
their gun in the same way.

810
00:47:45,414 --> 00:47:48,486
Blocks and blocks
and blocks and blocks.

811
00:47:48,520 --> 00:47:52,490
A nation of 80 million people
standing in blocks.

812
00:47:52,524 --> 00:47:55,355
That's the fascist fantasy.

813
00:47:55,838 --> 00:47:57,184
He then would give them

814
00:47:57,219 --> 00:47:59,359
an outlet for their emotions

815
00:47:59,393 --> 00:48:01,637
and say, "Well,
look, it's the Jew.

816
00:48:01,671 --> 00:48:03,811
It's the system." It's--

817
00:48:03,846 --> 00:48:08,506
In this way of talk,
they... [sniffs] smell

818
00:48:08,540 --> 00:48:11,026
a proposal, something...

819
00:48:11,060 --> 00:48:13,580
There will be the day
you are allowed

820
00:48:13,614 --> 00:48:16,514
to put your structure
into violent actions

821
00:48:16,548 --> 00:48:20,759
and to get in your
own way of big living.

822
00:48:20,794 --> 00:48:25,592
What's threatening them
has to disappear, totally.

823
00:48:26,075 --> 00:48:27,594
You don't have to worry

824
00:48:27,628 --> 00:48:30,045
and you don't have
to think anymore.

825
00:48:30,079 --> 00:48:32,392
That is his mastership.

826
00:48:32,426 --> 00:48:34,394
That way he is the
loud speaker of

827
00:48:34,428 --> 00:48:36,534
that what was present

828
00:48:36,568 --> 00:48:38,363
in the German nation,

829
00:48:38,398 --> 00:48:40,089
in the German population.

830
00:48:41,401 --> 00:48:43,921
[Heyne] Oh, you are really
intent in having

831
00:48:43,955 --> 00:48:46,371
good sound of this
microphone already?

832
00:48:46,406 --> 00:48:47,890
Okay, all right.

833
00:48:47,925 --> 00:48:50,548
Believe it or not, there
are still people today

834
00:48:50,582 --> 00:48:53,068
that care about good sounds.

835
00:48:53,102 --> 00:48:58,038
Whether it's Barbra Streisand
or Brian Adams or Adele,

836
00:48:58,073 --> 00:49:01,214
these are all people
that care very much

837
00:49:01,248 --> 00:49:04,734
that their emotional delivery
is translated properly.

838
00:49:04,769 --> 00:49:06,564
And it started with
this microphone.

839
00:49:06,598 --> 00:49:09,256
It started in the late 1920s.

840
00:49:09,291 --> 00:49:11,120
There was all of a
sudden a revolution.

841
00:49:11,155 --> 00:49:15,297
So what we have
here is the CMV3, uh,

842
00:49:15,331 --> 00:49:17,575
sometimes referred to
as the Neumann bottle,

843
00:49:17,609 --> 00:49:20,060
but more often now,
especially in America,

844
00:49:20,095 --> 00:49:23,063
referred to as
the Hitler bottle.

845
00:49:23,098 --> 00:49:25,755
Up to mid 1920s,

846
00:49:25,790 --> 00:49:29,656
the microphones that were
used were carbon microphones.

847
00:49:29,690 --> 00:49:31,934
Little carbon
crystals suspended,

848
00:49:31,969 --> 00:49:35,489
and when they get
excited by audio waves

849
00:49:35,524 --> 00:49:38,630
or by sound waves,
they would generate electricity.

850
00:49:38,665 --> 00:49:42,462
The problem was that you had
to be incredibly close to it.

851
00:49:42,496 --> 00:49:46,121
If you would go even this
far away from the microphone,

852
00:49:46,155 --> 00:49:48,606
the volume would
drop by 50% or more.

853
00:49:48,640 --> 00:49:50,297
So all of a sudden,

854
00:49:50,332 --> 00:49:53,921
Hitler was able to
be more evocative,

855
00:49:53,956 --> 00:49:56,510
more animated in
his delivery because

856
00:49:56,545 --> 00:49:59,272
he wasn't shackled
by the technology.

857
00:49:59,306 --> 00:50:03,621
He could actually use the
technology to help him deliver.

858
00:50:03,655 --> 00:50:06,658
By being able to move,
by being soft,

859
00:50:06,693 --> 00:50:09,661
by being whispering
and then building up

860
00:50:09,696 --> 00:50:13,631
and then getting super loud
and it would still sound good.

861
00:50:13,665 --> 00:50:14,977
I bet you it was
just the same as

862
00:50:15,012 --> 00:50:17,324
when the Beatles
performed at Shea Stadium.

863
00:50:17,359 --> 00:50:19,775
All of a sudden,
there was a dimension

864
00:50:19,809 --> 00:50:22,122
that was part of his delivery,

865
00:50:22,157 --> 00:50:25,539
part of the masses
responding in the same way,

866
00:50:25,574 --> 00:50:28,508
uniformly, that was infectious.

867
00:50:28,542 --> 00:50:31,718
And the microphone was
able to allow that.

868
00:50:33,685 --> 00:50:35,653
Hello.
[screams]

869
00:50:35,687 --> 00:50:36,826
[Heyne] And it's a feedback.

870
00:50:36,861 --> 00:50:38,311
It goes back and forth

871
00:50:38,345 --> 00:50:41,659
and it builds up and
it gets to a crescendo.

872
00:50:41,693 --> 00:50:43,557
And you see it in the
footage of Hitler.

873
00:50:43,592 --> 00:50:46,388
That was exactly how it worked.

874
00:50:46,422 --> 00:50:49,356
He heard himself also
through the loudspeakers.

875
00:50:49,391 --> 00:50:51,358
They were to the
side of the stage.

876
00:50:51,393 --> 00:50:55,397
That means he also
heard himself amplified.

877
00:50:55,431 --> 00:50:58,158
It's almost like Jimi Hendrix
hearing himself

878
00:50:58,193 --> 00:50:59,539
through a Marshall stack.

879
00:50:59,573 --> 00:51:02,335
That also was a
positive feedback loop

880
00:51:02,369 --> 00:51:03,888
in terms of the performance.

881
00:51:03,922 --> 00:51:06,718
So, that whole technology,
microphone all the way

882
00:51:06,753 --> 00:51:13,035
to the loudspeakers,
amplified the emotional
translation

883
00:51:13,070 --> 00:51:14,761
of the message.

884
00:51:14,795 --> 00:51:16,521
I don't even know what
that would be now.

885
00:51:16,556 --> 00:51:19,248
Is it Twitter now that
we don't quite get yet,

886
00:51:19,283 --> 00:51:22,562
that some people use
very effectively?
I don't know.

887
00:51:22,596 --> 00:51:25,703
So I know a lot about
Twitter and Facebook.

888
00:51:25,737 --> 00:51:30,535
-[audience clapping]
-Actually, somebody said
I'm the Ernest Hemingway

889
00:51:30,570 --> 00:51:33,745
of 140 characters.
Can you believe it?

890
00:51:33,780 --> 00:51:36,231
Also the effect
he had on women.

891
00:51:36,265 --> 00:51:40,373
The National Socialists were
the least friendly to women

892
00:51:40,407 --> 00:51:45,378
of all the parties that were
bobbing around in the '20s.

893
00:51:45,412 --> 00:51:51,418
It was a very bad bet for a
woman to be swooning at Hitler.

894
00:51:52,281 --> 00:51:54,421
But swoon they did.

895
00:51:54,456 --> 00:51:56,043
[Theweleit]
The object of desire,

896
00:51:56,078 --> 00:51:58,598
you can see very good
in pop groups.

897
00:51:58,632 --> 00:52:00,047
The Beatles were
not standing with

898
00:52:00,082 --> 00:52:03,568
their women before the cameras,

899
00:52:03,603 --> 00:52:07,262
when the girls were
shouting and so on.

900
00:52:07,296 --> 00:52:10,886
So, he had to hide his own wife.

901
00:52:10,920 --> 00:52:13,440
Eva Braun didn't
appear in public,

902
00:52:13,475 --> 00:52:18,445
so the place had to be open for
the feelings of the totality

903
00:52:18,480 --> 00:52:23,830
of German women to become
Fuührer's brides in their,

904
00:52:23,864 --> 00:52:26,108
not only fantasy,
in their feeling.

905
00:52:26,143 --> 00:52:27,765
He said, "We were nothing
without your work.

906
00:52:27,799 --> 00:52:29,249
We would be nothing.

907
00:52:29,284 --> 00:52:32,597
It's your economy and
leading the household.

908
00:52:32,632 --> 00:52:35,462
And that's the way we
have to lead the state."

909
00:52:35,497 --> 00:52:37,154
How despicable can it get?

910
00:52:37,188 --> 00:52:39,673
I mean, it's
something that he...

911
00:52:39,708 --> 00:52:42,952
That's wax, he uses
as wax in his hands,

912
00:52:42,987 --> 00:52:48,510
but that he does
not respect or love.

913
00:52:49,856 --> 00:52:53,894
In a way it's kind of weird
that the masses didn't get that.

914
00:52:55,033 --> 00:52:59,003
He produced his environment
that sustained him

915
00:52:59,037 --> 00:53:03,697
and that confirmed
his quest for power,

916
00:53:03,732 --> 00:53:06,148
um, through all kinds
of mythologies,

917
00:53:06,183 --> 00:53:09,669
but also a kind of
day-to-day consent.

918
00:53:09,703 --> 00:53:14,329
It's consent.
He never found
anybody who objected.

919
00:53:14,363 --> 00:53:16,986
They all said, "Well,
we believe you.

920
00:53:17,021 --> 00:53:19,679
We trust you.
We love you."

921
00:53:19,713 --> 00:53:21,336
[Trump] This is a big crowd.

922
00:53:21,370 --> 00:53:23,510
And normally I like
talking about my crowds

923
00:53:23,545 --> 00:53:25,098
'cause I get
crowds like nobody...

924
00:53:26,927 --> 00:53:28,515
[Haffner]
"Hitler was all his life

925
00:53:28,550 --> 00:53:32,139
exceedingly full of himself.

926
00:53:32,174 --> 00:53:34,383
And from his earliest
to his last days

927
00:53:34,418 --> 00:53:36,385
tended to self-conceit.

928
00:53:37,697 --> 00:53:39,526
With the Hitler cult,

929
00:53:39,561 --> 00:53:41,183
Hitler was not only its object,

930
00:53:41,218 --> 00:53:43,703
but also the earliest,
most persistent

931
00:53:43,737 --> 00:53:46,430
and the most
passionate devotee."

932
00:53:47,948 --> 00:53:53,091
My name is Werner Muüller.
I'm the general manager of
Kempinski Hotel, Berchtesgarten.

933
00:53:53,126 --> 00:53:55,922
[speaking German]

934
00:54:14,941 --> 00:54:16,736
Obersalzberg
had a crucial part

935
00:54:16,770 --> 00:54:20,084
for world history because
Adolf Hitler and some other

936
00:54:20,118 --> 00:54:22,880
leading Nazi figures lived here,

937
00:54:22,914 --> 00:54:25,262
had their private houses.

938
00:54:25,296 --> 00:54:29,921
And also, they made some
crucial decisions here,

939
00:54:29,956 --> 00:54:33,097
which meant the death
of millions of people.

940
00:54:37,308 --> 00:54:41,139
Adolf Hitler and basically
his photographer,
Heinrich Hoffman,

941
00:54:41,174 --> 00:54:45,454
they really saw how they
could use this area.

942
00:54:45,489 --> 00:54:48,733
So in 1932, 1933,

943
00:54:48,768 --> 00:54:52,461
they started to make
a lot of pictures here

944
00:54:52,496 --> 00:54:56,741
and to use the area to form
an image of Adolf Hitler

945
00:54:56,776 --> 00:55:02,437
as a person who makes walks
in the nice countryside,

946
00:55:02,471 --> 00:55:06,786
who visits neighbors,
who talks to small children.

947
00:55:06,820 --> 00:55:10,445
So who is the--
kind of the caring uncle

948
00:55:10,479 --> 00:55:14,103
or he is some kind
of this lonely guy.

949
00:55:14,138 --> 00:55:15,657
He's standing in the mountains

950
00:55:15,691 --> 00:55:18,660
and thinking about
the fate of Germany.

951
00:55:18,694 --> 00:55:21,283
So, basically the
image of the Fuührer,

952
00:55:21,318 --> 00:55:25,183
of the leader, was that
he's kind of omnipotent.

953
00:55:25,218 --> 00:55:27,772
So he can do everything,
he knows everything.

954
00:55:27,807 --> 00:55:29,809
He's an expert in everything.

955
00:55:29,843 --> 00:55:32,259
But what is quite,
it's interesting,

956
00:55:32,294 --> 00:55:34,296
Hitler lived here
in the mountain

957
00:55:34,331 --> 00:55:37,955
and he showed himself in
front of the mountain view,

958
00:55:37,989 --> 00:55:40,164
but he never tried
to make himself

959
00:55:40,198 --> 00:55:42,822
a sports person, for example.

960
00:55:42,856 --> 00:55:45,134
So he didn't go for hikes.

961
00:55:45,169 --> 00:55:48,172
He didn't do any
skiing in the winter.

962
00:55:49,829 --> 00:55:53,626
If you see back down there,
you can see the flag.

963
00:55:53,660 --> 00:55:55,006
And behind the flag,

964
00:55:55,041 --> 00:55:57,802
there was some kind
of a small hill

965
00:55:57,837 --> 00:56:00,978
where Hitler used
to go afternoon.

966
00:56:01,012 --> 00:56:02,635
And when he made this walk,

967
00:56:02,669 --> 00:56:05,845
he just walked down and
then they went back by car.

968
00:56:05,879 --> 00:56:08,019
So if he made any walks,

969
00:56:08,054 --> 00:56:10,850
it was always down,
not up the hill.

970
00:56:10,884 --> 00:56:12,472
Still, people come here,

971
00:56:12,507 --> 00:56:15,026
also journalists with cameras

972
00:56:15,061 --> 00:56:17,201
and then they say,
"Ah, I'm standing here,

973
00:56:17,235 --> 00:56:19,341
you can see the
historic photograph

974
00:56:19,376 --> 00:56:20,860
and it's exactly this place

975
00:56:20,894 --> 00:56:23,310
where I'm standing,
Adolf Hitler stood."

976
00:56:23,345 --> 00:56:27,349
And this is the kind of
fascination about Hitler

977
00:56:27,384 --> 00:56:31,111
we regard carefully.

978
00:56:34,252 --> 00:56:37,394
That's the place where
the Berghof Adolf Hitler,

979
00:56:37,428 --> 00:56:39,879
the private house
of Adolf Hitler was.

980
00:56:39,913 --> 00:56:44,539
The ruins were--
blew up in 1952

981
00:56:44,573 --> 00:56:46,920
because the people were afraid

982
00:56:46,955 --> 00:56:51,062
that this will be, yeah,
some kind of Nazi shrine.

983
00:56:51,097 --> 00:56:54,031
They planted those
trees to keep the people

984
00:56:54,065 --> 00:56:55,550
away from this area,

985
00:56:55,584 --> 00:56:58,207
but they came every year.

986
00:56:58,242 --> 00:56:59,692
Lots of people came here

987
00:56:59,726 --> 00:57:02,453
because they still
believe in this.

988
00:57:03,627 --> 00:57:07,803
Yeah, in Hitler, they still
believe in the Nazi ideology.

989
00:57:08,425 --> 00:57:10,530
And that's the reason
why the discussion,

990
00:57:10,565 --> 00:57:13,291
how to deal with the
history will never stop.

991
00:57:14,603 --> 00:57:17,295
[car engine rumbling]

992
00:57:55,782 --> 00:57:57,957
[Haffner]
"Worse had been expected.

993
00:57:57,991 --> 00:58:00,338
During 1933 and '34,

994
00:58:00,373 --> 00:58:03,445
the terror slowly
died down to give way

995
00:58:03,480 --> 00:58:05,758
to the 'good Nazi years,'

996
00:58:05,792 --> 00:58:07,829
to almost normal conditions,

997
00:58:07,863 --> 00:58:10,452
only slightly disturbed by
the continued existence of

998
00:58:10,487 --> 00:58:13,317
the now less crowded
concentration camps."

999
00:58:14,145 --> 00:58:16,941
Haffner is 26 in '33

1000
00:58:16,976 --> 00:58:20,773
and he said the dominant
emotion wasn't horror.

1001
00:58:20,807 --> 00:58:23,638
It was this utter unreality,

1002
00:58:23,672 --> 00:58:25,985
as if everything was clockwork,

1003
00:58:26,019 --> 00:58:30,023
that people moved
around like mannequins.

1004
00:58:30,541 --> 00:58:35,615
Well, at the very beginning,
enthusiasm was still mixed.

1005
00:58:35,650 --> 00:58:39,170
But as years went by,

1006
00:58:39,205 --> 00:58:44,659
through the '30s,
enthusiasm grew for two
obvious reasons.

1007
00:58:44,693 --> 00:58:48,283
The economic reorganization
and reshaping

1008
00:58:48,317 --> 00:58:50,388
of the German economy.

1009
00:58:50,423 --> 00:58:53,530
And there were the
successes in foreign policy

1010
00:58:53,564 --> 00:58:58,017
and those who were opposed
were either in camps

1011
00:58:58,051 --> 00:59:00,882
like the communists and so on.

1012
00:59:00,916 --> 00:59:03,022
The Jews, that came later,

1013
00:59:03,056 --> 00:59:06,715
nobody really protested,
as far as I know,

1014
00:59:07,751 --> 00:59:10,029
mainly in the
universities and so on.

1015
00:59:10,063 --> 00:59:14,240
I mean, people took it
in stride, you know, saying,

1016
00:59:14,274 --> 00:59:20,867
"Well, the reawakening
of the country

1017
00:59:20,902 --> 00:59:23,076
and so on is so important,

1018
00:59:23,111 --> 00:59:25,907
so these are little problems."

1019
00:59:25,941 --> 00:59:27,218
And others would say,

1020
00:59:27,253 --> 00:59:29,876
"Well, good that
Hitler is doing that.

1021
00:59:29,911 --> 00:59:34,053
I mean, after all, the Jews
are foreigners," and so on.

1022
00:59:34,087 --> 00:59:37,850
I mean, there is a
segment of the population

1023
00:59:37,884 --> 00:59:41,163
who certainly knew
that this was

1024
00:59:41,198 --> 00:59:45,616
a very problematic regime.

1025
00:59:46,065 --> 00:59:49,689
But most Germans
were enthusiastic.

1026
00:59:49,724 --> 00:59:54,245
And you should see the
enthusiasm of the elites.

1027
00:59:54,280 --> 00:59:57,594
Doctors, lawyers, engineers.

1028
00:59:57,628 --> 00:59:59,906
The people who pioneered,

1029
00:59:59,941 --> 01:00:02,944
the people who first engaged

1030
01:00:02,978 --> 01:00:06,982
in the ways of killing

1031
01:00:08,087 --> 01:00:09,295
were doctors.

1032
01:00:09,329 --> 01:00:11,677
You see doctors
who just flipped,

1033
01:00:12,298 --> 01:00:18,649
just flipped and began
to talk in medical terms

1034
01:00:18,684 --> 01:00:23,102
of the need to starve patients
before they start gassing them.

1035
01:00:23,136 --> 01:00:26,761
In certain places, they're
killing them by starving them.

1036
01:00:26,795 --> 01:00:31,662
This was done in the
most advanced society

1037
01:00:32,836 --> 01:00:39,152
with the active participation
of those elements of society

1038
01:00:39,187 --> 01:00:44,261
that we generally see
as a counterweight

1039
01:00:44,295 --> 01:00:48,092
to this kind of authoritarian,

1040
01:00:48,127 --> 01:00:50,819
genocidal regime.

1041
01:00:50,854 --> 01:00:52,959
How is that possible?

1042
01:00:52,994 --> 01:00:56,825
But what is really
historically important

1043
01:00:56,860 --> 01:01:02,831
is the readiness of an immense
number of people in Germany

1044
01:01:02,866 --> 01:01:08,665
at the beginning to go after
him and then to take even steps

1045
01:01:08,699 --> 01:01:11,184
beyond what the Nazis demanded.

1046
01:01:11,219 --> 01:01:15,016
Sir Ian Kershaw in Britain
put it very clearly,

1047
01:01:15,050 --> 01:01:17,674
"Working towards the Fuührer."

1048
01:01:18,536 --> 01:01:19,986
He didn't have to say anything.

1049
01:01:23,024 --> 01:01:26,199
[Haffner] "The Third Reich
was producing guns and butter

1050
01:01:26,234 --> 01:01:28,029
and a great many
other things.

1051
01:01:29,202 --> 01:01:30,652
'The man may have his faults,

1052
01:01:30,687 --> 01:01:33,172
but he has given us
work and bread again,'

1053
01:01:33,206 --> 01:01:35,692
was the million-fold view.

1054
01:01:35,726 --> 01:01:38,039
In the prologue to his
biography of Hitler,

1055
01:01:38,073 --> 01:01:42,699
Joachim Fest
performs an interesting
speculative experiment.

1056
01:01:42,733 --> 01:01:46,392
He says, 'If Hitler had
succumbed to an assassination

1057
01:01:46,426 --> 01:01:50,223
or an accident at
the end of 1938,

1058
01:01:50,258 --> 01:01:52,018
few would hesitate
to call him one of

1059
01:01:52,053 --> 01:01:54,020
the greatest of
German statesmen.'"

1060
01:01:56,574 --> 01:01:58,197
Was he a great man?

1061
01:01:58,231 --> 01:02:00,820
Well, that's a strange question.

1062
01:02:00,855 --> 01:02:04,341
His appeal was to promise,

1063
01:02:04,375 --> 01:02:08,207
let's be very, very basic here,

1064
01:02:08,241 --> 01:02:11,486
work and a better life.

1065
01:02:11,520 --> 01:02:13,350
And they got it.

1066
01:02:13,384 --> 01:02:15,835
They were looking for a savior.

1067
01:02:15,870 --> 01:02:17,423
So here he was.

1068
01:02:18,113 --> 01:02:20,184
[Amis] It wasn't an ideology.

1069
01:02:20,219 --> 01:02:24,257
It was more like
characterology in that

1070
01:02:24,292 --> 01:02:27,882
the ideology consisted
of a rallying cry.

1071
01:02:27,916 --> 01:02:30,574
And this is quite close
to what Haffner wrote.

1072
01:02:30,608 --> 01:02:34,923
He said, "And it was
saying, with a bullhorn,

1073
01:02:34,958 --> 01:02:38,858
'Those of you who
are willing to rob,

1074
01:02:38,893 --> 01:02:44,450
cheat, beat and kill people
who have done you no harm,

1075
01:02:45,244 --> 01:02:47,729
then gather around my flag.'"

1076
01:02:47,764 --> 01:02:50,249
Well, Hitler was a
racist and he believed that

1077
01:02:50,283 --> 01:02:53,217
human history is
defined by the struggle

1078
01:02:53,252 --> 01:02:56,393
between different races for
the survival of the fittest

1079
01:02:56,427 --> 01:02:57,946
and indeed for domination.

1080
01:02:57,981 --> 01:03:00,397
And that struggle
had to be perpetual.

1081
01:03:00,431 --> 01:03:04,953
You had to keep going or you
became soft and weak as a race.

1082
01:03:04,988 --> 01:03:08,577
Master race and what
are they in daily life?

1083
01:03:08,612 --> 01:03:10,303
A piece of little shit.

1084
01:03:10,338 --> 01:03:12,098
When you belong to
the master race,

1085
01:03:12,133 --> 01:03:15,274
you have to have
the proof someday.

1086
01:03:15,308 --> 01:03:16,551
If it's a secret at all,

1087
01:03:16,585 --> 01:03:18,311
that would be the secret

1088
01:03:18,346 --> 01:03:20,417
that he gives the
people the feeling

1089
01:03:20,451 --> 01:03:22,246
they will be allowed one day

1090
01:03:22,281 --> 01:03:25,594
to do the killings
they are full with

1091
01:03:25,629 --> 01:03:27,804
and they are fantasizing.

1092
01:03:27,838 --> 01:03:30,151
And that's what really happened.

1093
01:03:36,847 --> 01:03:39,332
[Haffner] "For three years,
day after day,

1094
01:03:39,367 --> 01:03:41,472
Jewish families
throughout Europe

1095
01:03:41,507 --> 01:03:44,648
were taken from their homes
or hiding places,

1096
01:03:44,682 --> 01:03:47,685
transported to the east
and driven naked

1097
01:03:47,720 --> 01:03:50,481
into the death factories
where the chimneys

1098
01:03:50,516 --> 01:03:54,347
of the cremating furnaces
smoked day and night."

1099
01:04:04,702 --> 01:04:07,844
[blows whistle]
They're coming.

1100
01:04:07,878 --> 01:04:10,501
They hear the whistle
and they're frightened
and they run this way.

1101
01:04:11,192 --> 01:04:12,296
We'll go further.

1102
01:04:12,331 --> 01:04:13,366
We're gonna go left.

1103
01:04:15,506 --> 01:04:17,336
Here we've got the road
to the execution sites.

1104
01:04:17,370 --> 01:04:19,200
It's going to be a
very pleasant walk.

1105
01:04:22,065 --> 01:04:27,346
[narrator] Treblinka.
Between 1942 and '43,

1106
01:04:27,380 --> 01:04:30,418
the Nazis murdered over
900,000 people here.

1107
01:04:32,765 --> 01:04:35,561
It's also one of the
highlights of Irving's tour.

1108
01:04:37,390 --> 01:04:40,704
[Irving]

1109
01:04:53,579 --> 01:04:55,305
The stones are symbolic of...

1110
01:05:30,133 --> 01:05:33,067
These Jews have a particular
habit of inflating numbers.

1111
01:05:33,101 --> 01:05:34,620
They want big numbers.

1112
01:05:35,448 --> 01:05:37,968
We find out usually that
the numbers are smaller.

1113
01:05:41,420 --> 01:05:43,284
I love seeing things like this.

1114
01:05:44,561 --> 01:05:46,425
This is where history began.

1115
01:05:48,116 --> 01:05:50,291
[clears throat]

1116
01:06:04,339 --> 01:06:05,651
[man laughs, wheezes]

1117
01:06:06,583 --> 01:06:08,723
[man]

1118
01:06:08,757 --> 01:06:09,966
[man laughs, wheezes]

1119
01:06:14,177 --> 01:06:16,834
[Irving]

1120
01:06:16,869 --> 01:06:18,008
[man laughs, wheezes]

1121
01:06:24,808 --> 01:06:26,396
[Irving]

1122
01:06:27,949 --> 01:06:28,915
[man] That's true.

1123
01:06:28,950 --> 01:06:31,159
[Irving]

1124
01:06:32,816 --> 01:06:34,576
[man]

1125
01:06:34,611 --> 01:06:35,784
[Irving] Hmm?

1126
01:06:35,819 --> 01:06:37,510
[man]

1127
01:06:40,030 --> 01:06:41,687
[man]

1128
01:06:43,309 --> 01:06:45,208
[Irving] Got no idea.
Got no idea.

1129
01:06:46,795 --> 01:06:49,212
[Irving]

1130
01:07:41,195 --> 01:07:44,715
[narrator] Beate and Serge
Klarsfeld are Nazi hunters

1131
01:07:44,750 --> 01:07:47,580
responsible for bringing
many Nazis to justice,

1132
01:07:47,615 --> 01:07:50,928
including, most famously,
Klaus Barbie.

1133
01:07:51,550 --> 01:07:54,415
[jet engine roaring]

1134
01:08:00,110 --> 01:08:04,114
[upbeat music]

1135
01:08:04,149 --> 01:08:08,567
Paris is celebrating
Bastille Day and the World Cup
final.

1136
01:08:08,601 --> 01:08:11,087
But Serge and Beate
are worried.

1137
01:09:20,984 --> 01:09:23,538
[crowd cheering]

1138
01:09:56,295 --> 01:09:57,986
[narrator] A few months later,

1139
01:09:58,021 --> 01:09:59,643
Serge and Beate's concerns

1140
01:09:59,678 --> 01:10:02,232
about rising nationalism
feel urgent.

1141
01:10:08,825 --> 01:10:11,759
[protesters chanting]

1142
01:10:17,351 --> 01:10:19,525
[man]
It's an important event,

1143
01:10:19,560 --> 01:10:24,047
the restoration of independence
after the First World War.

1144
01:10:24,081 --> 01:10:28,707
It became
a kind of an occasion

1145
01:10:28,741 --> 01:10:32,124
for nationalist fringe

1146
01:10:34,368 --> 01:10:39,890
movements to come up in
public space

1147
01:10:39,925 --> 01:10:42,548
and demonstrate.

1148
01:10:42,583 --> 01:10:46,863
And it became just a huge thing.

1149
01:10:46,897 --> 01:10:51,419
It's organized by these
very radical fascists,

1150
01:10:51,454 --> 01:10:53,594
some of them organizations,

1151
01:10:53,628 --> 01:10:57,908
but it brings in also a
lot of people who kind of

1152
01:10:57,943 --> 01:11:01,360
go there for a big
demonstration and...

1153
01:11:01,395 --> 01:11:04,432
[protesters singing]

1154
01:11:07,918 --> 01:11:10,231
There is, from the
interwar years,

1155
01:11:10,266 --> 01:11:15,961
a very well established
and articulated fascist,

1156
01:11:16,444 --> 01:11:20,759
if you will, trajectory
in Polish politics.

1157
01:11:21,311 --> 01:11:24,590
A party, which
carries the same name

1158
01:11:24,625 --> 01:11:27,421
and uses the same
paraphernalia, the same symbols.

1159
01:11:27,455 --> 01:11:30,941
Some of these flags,
if you look closely,

1160
01:11:30,976 --> 01:11:35,394
you will see that it carries
a symbol that in some way

1161
01:11:35,429 --> 01:11:39,433
is reminiscent of the
swastika, of the hakenkreuz.

1162
01:11:39,467 --> 01:11:44,645
Made of a bent arm with a sword.

1163
01:11:45,473 --> 01:11:50,789
Before the war, it was a
right radical splinter group

1164
01:11:50,823 --> 01:11:52,791
from the nationalist movement.

1165
01:11:52,825 --> 01:11:55,794
It had the same
name then as now,

1166
01:11:55,828 --> 01:12:00,005
Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny,
the National Radical Camp.

1167
01:12:00,039 --> 01:12:04,596
And they were just beating
Jews in the streets.

1168
01:12:04,630 --> 01:12:08,600
And their ideology, heart
of their nationalistic,

1169
01:12:08,634 --> 01:12:12,328
if you will, message
to get rid of the Jews.

1170
01:12:13,398 --> 01:12:16,504
And this is a legal
organization in Poland today.

1171
01:12:17,505 --> 01:12:21,129
This regime kind of winks to
these groups and tells them,

1172
01:12:21,164 --> 01:12:24,616
"We're not going to touch you."

1173
01:12:24,650 --> 01:12:27,757
And they thrive.

1174
01:12:28,723 --> 01:12:33,038
-[gunshots]
-In a natural way, what they
would want to do is also,

1175
01:12:33,072 --> 01:12:38,802
of course, expunge
these complicated
parts of the history.

1176
01:12:38,837 --> 01:12:43,531
They are not interested in
having it told as it was.

1177
01:12:46,223 --> 01:12:51,815
As a Pole, this is an
extraordinarily upsetting

1178
01:12:51,850 --> 01:12:55,543
and dramatic event,

1179
01:12:55,578 --> 01:12:59,720
given what Poland
has gone through.

1180
01:13:00,203 --> 01:13:01,653
Wartime history is on one hand

1181
01:13:01,687 --> 01:13:04,414
a history of
incredible sacrifice

1182
01:13:04,449 --> 01:13:07,900
and suffering on the part
of the Polish population.

1183
01:13:07,935 --> 01:13:11,179
And then slowly we discover
that it is fraught,

1184
01:13:11,214 --> 01:13:14,907
the history of the
Second World War,
with this very dramatic story

1185
01:13:14,942 --> 01:13:20,706
of complicity in the
persecution of the Polish Jews

1186
01:13:20,741 --> 01:13:22,708
during the Second World War.

1187
01:13:22,743 --> 01:13:24,227
This is not a
Polish specificity.

1188
01:13:24,261 --> 01:13:27,230
This is a phenomenon of
all of occupied Europe.

1189
01:13:27,264 --> 01:13:31,372
It makes confronting the
history of the Second World War

1190
01:13:31,407 --> 01:13:32,994
very complicated.

1191
01:13:33,029 --> 01:13:35,618
[birds chirping]

1192
01:13:49,286 --> 01:13:51,116
[narrator] Saul Friedlaänder
is in Berlin to address

1193
01:13:51,150 --> 01:13:54,602
the German Bundestag for
Holocaust Memorial Day.

1194
01:13:54,637 --> 01:13:57,743
Among the audience
are far right members
of Parliament,

1195
01:13:57,778 --> 01:14:01,264
including Alexander Gauland,
who as you may remember,

1196
01:14:01,298 --> 01:14:03,887
likened the Nazi period
to a mere bird dropping

1197
01:14:03,922 --> 01:14:05,268
on German history.

1198
01:14:27,359 --> 01:14:30,293
[speaking German]

1199
01:15:08,020 --> 01:15:12,024
Every historian has some
other historians he likes

1200
01:15:12,059 --> 01:15:15,165
and some other
historians he likes less.

1201
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:19,169
So I happen to like
Saul Friedlaänder's approach.

1202
01:15:19,204 --> 01:15:22,069
We went to the same school,
by the way, in Prague.

1203
01:15:22,966 --> 01:15:25,624
[laughs softly]

1204
01:15:25,659 --> 01:15:28,178
-[interviewer]
Elementary school?
-Pardon?

1205
01:15:28,213 --> 01:15:30,353
-[interviewer] High school?
-No, elementary school.

1206
01:15:30,387 --> 01:15:32,355
He is six years
younger than I am.

1207
01:15:32,389 --> 01:15:35,565
So we didn't know each other,
you know, but, uh...

1208
01:15:36,014 --> 01:15:39,017
You know, they went to France,
huh?

1209
01:15:39,051 --> 01:15:41,364
They went to France, why?

1210
01:15:41,398 --> 01:15:45,851
Because they were aware
of the Hitler regime

1211
01:15:45,886 --> 01:15:49,027
and the occupation
of Czechoslovakia.

1212
01:15:49,061 --> 01:15:52,030
And so, we managed to
get out before that.

1213
01:15:52,720 --> 01:15:58,036
My father decided to
leave Europe in 1934.

1214
01:15:58,070 --> 01:16:01,764
It took him four years to
collect the money to do that.

1215
01:16:03,559 --> 01:16:06,872
But the decision
was made way before.

1216
01:16:06,907 --> 01:16:08,909
One year after
Hitler came to power.

1217
01:16:08,943 --> 01:16:11,049
He-- that's it.

1218
01:16:12,775 --> 01:16:16,192
[narrator] Bauer's family
went to Palestine.

1219
01:16:16,226 --> 01:16:19,091
Friedlaänder's parents found
refuge for him in France

1220
01:16:19,126 --> 01:16:21,887
and then tried to
escape to Switzerland.

1221
01:16:24,269 --> 01:16:26,582
After the war,
Friedlaänder learned

1222
01:16:26,616 --> 01:16:29,792
that his mother and father
were killed in Auschwitz.

1223
01:16:35,660 --> 01:16:39,215
I've been asked many a time
whether writing the memoir

1224
01:16:39,249 --> 01:16:43,426
created a kind of catharsis,
you know, therapeutic,
as you say.

1225
01:16:43,460 --> 01:16:48,086
No, it didn't create anything.
Um...

1226
01:16:48,811 --> 01:16:51,779
The memoir was what it was.

1227
01:16:51,814 --> 01:16:54,748
And then I decided to write

1228
01:16:54,782 --> 01:16:59,269
the history of the whole period.

1229
01:16:59,615 --> 01:17:02,100
I didn't know it
would take so long,

1230
01:17:03,342 --> 01:17:06,622
but it did take 16 years
or something.

1231
01:17:06,656 --> 01:17:11,557
But now I feel, you know,
in this old age

1232
01:17:11,592 --> 01:17:16,355
that I've done what
I wanted to do.

1233
01:17:17,149 --> 01:17:21,982
Look, one cannot compel
memory to move in a...

1234
01:17:23,121 --> 01:17:25,641
It moves in its own direction.

1235
01:17:27,159 --> 01:17:30,680
You cannot do anything
about it, right?

1236
01:17:31,232 --> 01:17:32,648
[interviewer]
Speaking of that...

1237
01:17:34,995 --> 01:17:38,792
There are ways of putting
an end to the spell, I think.

1238
01:17:38,826 --> 01:17:42,174
But what happened with
many films is that

1239
01:17:42,209 --> 01:17:48,491
they prefer the spell because
it's attracting the viewers.

1240
01:17:48,525 --> 01:17:53,323
But you should end in
Sobibór or in Belzec.

1241
01:17:53,358 --> 01:17:59,467
I mean, you should end on the,
in my opinion, I cannot...

1242
01:17:59,502 --> 01:18:01,262
You asked me,
"How should we end?"

1243
01:18:01,297 --> 01:18:03,506
So, I took the...

1244
01:18:03,540 --> 01:18:08,304
[chuckles] In a way,
I took the... [stammers]

1245
01:18:08,338 --> 01:18:11,169
I answer your question.

1246
01:18:11,203 --> 01:18:14,172
Maybe you should end
in a place like that.

1247
01:18:14,206 --> 01:18:17,693
That would put an end
to the fascination.

1248
01:21:20,116 --> 01:21:25,156
[narrator] It suddenly makes
sense why Professor Friedlaänder
implored us to come here.

1249
01:21:25,190 --> 01:21:28,884
This is what he calls
the unknowable spot.

1250
01:21:28,918 --> 01:21:34,027
Here there is nothing.
Little was photographed
and nothing was filmed.

1251
01:21:34,061 --> 01:21:36,857
Everything was erased.

1252
01:21:36,892 --> 01:21:41,551
Himmler, speaking to the SS
in 1943 said of the killing,

1253
01:21:41,586 --> 01:21:45,072
"This is the page
never to be written."

1254
01:21:45,107 --> 01:21:49,249
Had the Nazis won the war and
had there been no survivors,

1255
01:21:49,283 --> 01:21:52,424
the extermination would
have remained secret.

1256
01:21:52,459 --> 01:21:54,426
The forest the only witness.

1257
01:21:56,773 --> 01:22:00,260
That is why Wojciech and
the historians keep digging.

1258
01:22:33,396 --> 01:22:35,019
Hi...

1259
01:22:47,617 --> 01:22:48,998
[gunshot]

1260
01:22:50,620 --> 01:22:54,693
[Bauer]
People believe in the
destruction of other people.

1261
01:22:55,487 --> 01:22:59,146
People actually believe
that this is the only way

1262
01:22:59,181 --> 01:23:02,494
to rescue their society,
humanity, whatever.

1263
01:23:02,529 --> 01:23:06,291
And one of the great problems
that people today have

1264
01:23:06,326 --> 01:23:11,503
who are educated in liberal
or semi-liberal societies,

1265
01:23:12,642 --> 01:23:13,781
is they don't understand

1266
01:23:13,816 --> 01:23:16,301
how people can
believe that stuff.

1267
01:23:16,336 --> 01:23:18,165
Contrary to others,

1268
01:23:18,200 --> 01:23:20,512
I don't think that Nazism

1269
01:23:20,547 --> 01:23:24,516
or the ideas behind
Nazism are dead.

1270
01:23:25,483 --> 01:23:30,039
[Hitler speaking German
on video]

1271
01:23:43,190 --> 01:23:45,675
[Rosenfled] In the world of
the internet where people are
spending more and more

1272
01:23:45,710 --> 01:23:49,196
of their lives online,
the currency is,
of course, attention.

1273
01:23:49,231 --> 01:23:52,130
And we are all probably familiar
with the idea of click bait,

1274
01:23:52,165 --> 01:23:54,339
but in order to gain
attention online,

1275
01:23:54,374 --> 01:23:55,996
you have to be sensational.

1276
01:23:56,031 --> 01:23:57,549
You have to be irreverent.

1277
01:23:57,584 --> 01:23:59,137
You have to be controversial.

1278
01:23:59,172 --> 01:24:01,139
You have to get
eyeballs looking at you.

1279
01:24:01,174 --> 01:24:03,659
And, of course, Hitler
is a very easy way

1280
01:24:03,693 --> 01:24:06,041
to accomplish that precise goal.

1281
01:24:07,249 --> 01:24:08,802
What?

1282
01:24:08,836 --> 01:24:10,252
What's with the Christmas...

1283
01:24:11,908 --> 01:24:13,255
I like the editing.

1284
01:24:16,534 --> 01:24:18,674
Subscribe to Keemstar.

1285
01:24:18,708 --> 01:24:22,057
[laughs hysterically]

1286
01:24:25,060 --> 01:24:26,923
Normalizing Hitler
pays off for people.

1287
01:24:26,958 --> 01:24:29,512
But while they're doing that,
they're radicalizing people.

1288
01:24:29,547 --> 01:24:33,344
They're introducing them
to much more controversial

1289
01:24:33,378 --> 01:24:35,346
and extreme content.

1290
01:24:35,380 --> 01:24:38,418
I was invited to go
to Charlottesville.

1291
01:24:39,591 --> 01:24:42,905
I was told, and this
is what the event was.

1292
01:24:42,939 --> 01:24:45,701
It was called Unite the Right.

1293
01:24:45,735 --> 01:24:47,392
It's pretty self-explanatory.

1294
01:24:47,427 --> 01:24:50,223
[protesters]
You shall not replace us.

1295
01:24:50,257 --> 01:24:52,639
Hell, yeah.
What's up fam?

1296
01:24:53,571 --> 01:24:56,608
Let's keep moving forward.
Okay, it's a zoo out here.

1297
01:24:56,643 --> 01:24:59,232
Out here with Brittany Venti.

1298
01:24:59,266 --> 01:25:00,578
What up, fam?

1299
01:25:00,612 --> 01:25:02,062
We're live too.

1300
01:25:02,097 --> 01:25:03,788
Shit is wild out here.

1301
01:25:04,823 --> 01:25:07,447
We got hundreds of people
out here with torches.

1302
01:25:07,481 --> 01:25:12,555
It was a full-on like, almost
like a mob, but not quite,

1303
01:25:12,590 --> 01:25:15,144
because a mob is like
angry and disorganized.

1304
01:25:15,179 --> 01:25:18,768
Everyone here was very
like calm and like focused.

1305
01:25:18,803 --> 01:25:21,633
Like calm at first,
and then focused.

1306
01:25:21,668 --> 01:25:24,740
Everyone has their tiki torches.
Everyone managed to bring one.

1307
01:25:24,774 --> 01:25:25,948
There was like 600 people.

1308
01:25:25,982 --> 01:25:27,743
I don't know, maybe
there was 1000.

1309
01:25:27,777 --> 01:25:30,746
It just seemed like a
sea of endless people.

1310
01:25:30,780 --> 01:25:31,919
I was breathless.

1311
01:25:31,954 --> 01:25:34,612
My breath was taken away.

1312
01:25:34,646 --> 01:25:36,303
Yeah, torchlight,
it's beautiful.

1313
01:25:36,338 --> 01:25:39,272
You know, the way, the light
on people's faces and so forth.

1314
01:25:39,306 --> 01:25:41,412
I mean, there's
something very romantic

1315
01:25:41,446 --> 01:25:42,654
and very dramatic about it.

1316
01:25:42,689 --> 01:25:44,898
I mean, tiki torches, basically.

1317
01:25:44,932 --> 01:25:47,418
But in the context,
it's horrifying.

1318
01:25:47,452 --> 01:25:48,764
So, you have
beautiful on one hand

1319
01:25:48,798 --> 01:25:50,110
and horrifying on the other.

1320
01:25:50,145 --> 01:25:51,663
And you have to know the history

1321
01:25:51,698 --> 01:25:53,803
to know why it
might be horrifying.

1322
01:25:53,838 --> 01:25:57,290
Oh, my God. History isn't
pretty all the time, guys.

1323
01:25:57,324 --> 01:26:00,293
People get fucking
slaughtered and killed.

1324
01:26:00,327 --> 01:26:06,091
We are in the process
of undergoing a phenomenon

1325
01:26:06,126 --> 01:26:08,680
that's comparable to
industrial revolutions,

1326
01:26:08,715 --> 01:26:11,683
like the invention of
steam engines suddenly

1327
01:26:11,718 --> 01:26:15,687
and this information
revolution that's taking place.

1328
01:26:15,722 --> 01:26:20,451
And there are no institutions

1329
01:26:20,485 --> 01:26:24,040
within this democratic, uh,

1330
01:26:24,075 --> 01:26:29,943
paradigm, if you will, to
contain somehow and manage

1331
01:26:29,977 --> 01:26:32,152
the fact that people
can communicate

1332
01:26:32,187 --> 01:26:35,673
with tens of millions of
people instantaneously

1333
01:26:35,707 --> 01:26:38,158
without any sort of filters.

1334
01:26:38,193 --> 01:26:39,815
We grew up with the Internet.

1335
01:26:39,849 --> 01:26:41,782
So we have no centralized
source of information

1336
01:26:41,817 --> 01:26:43,543
that controls what we think.

1337
01:26:43,577 --> 01:26:47,961
You have demagogues
now that can reach

1338
01:26:47,995 --> 01:26:50,239
on their own instantaneously,

1339
01:26:51,827 --> 01:26:53,691
untold numbers of people.

1340
01:26:53,725 --> 01:26:55,831
Because you see,
I know the truth

1341
01:26:55,865 --> 01:26:57,695
and people out
there in the world,

1342
01:26:57,729 --> 01:27:00,215
they really don't
know the truth.
They don't know what it is.

1343
01:27:01,699 --> 01:27:04,426
[siren blares]

1344
01:27:08,947 --> 01:27:10,846
[Trump] The people, my people
are so smart

1345
01:27:10,880 --> 01:27:12,710
and you know what else
they say about my people?

1346
01:27:12,744 --> 01:27:14,850
The polls.
They say I have the
most loyal people.

1347
01:27:14,884 --> 01:27:16,541
Did you ever see that?

1348
01:27:16,576 --> 01:27:18,267
Where I could stand in
the middle of Fifth Avenue

1349
01:27:18,302 --> 01:27:20,545
and shoot somebody and I
wouldn't lose any voters, okay?

1350
01:27:20,580 --> 01:27:22,098
It's like incredible.

1351
01:27:23,445 --> 01:27:25,723
No, they say, "Trump,
we love you too, man.

1352
01:27:25,757 --> 01:27:27,690
Trump's voters are by far--"

1353
01:27:27,725 --> 01:27:29,830
I'm at 68, 69%.

1354
01:27:29,865 --> 01:27:32,902
I'm at 90% total.

1355
01:27:32,937 --> 01:27:35,871
Like,
will you say absolutely,

1356
01:27:35,905 --> 01:27:38,253
I think it's 68 or 69%.

1357
01:27:38,287 --> 01:27:40,772
If there's no limit
to what you can say,

1358
01:27:40,807 --> 01:27:43,913
it's easy to believe there's
no limit to what you can do.

1359
01:27:43,948 --> 01:27:47,227
When somebody is the
President of the United States,

1360
01:27:47,262 --> 01:27:49,194
the authority is total.

1361
01:27:49,229 --> 01:27:50,851
It's all a lie.

1362
01:27:50,886 --> 01:27:53,578
[siren blares]

1363
01:27:59,101 --> 01:28:02,035
[narrator]
We are back in the city
where this movie started.

1364
01:28:02,069 --> 01:28:04,624
[siren blares]

1365
01:28:06,453 --> 01:28:09,456
It took a catastrophe
to see the obvious.

1366
01:28:12,597 --> 01:28:16,429
Never has age and human
experience felt so precious.

1367
01:28:18,534 --> 01:28:20,605
Saul Friedlaänder is 87.

1368
01:28:23,608 --> 01:28:25,748
Yehuda Bauer turned
94 a week ago.

1369
01:28:25,783 --> 01:28:28,095
I'm still working.

1370
01:28:28,130 --> 01:28:29,787
[interviewer laughs]

1371
01:28:29,821 --> 01:28:32,099
I'm not quite dead yet.

1372
01:28:32,134 --> 01:28:34,723
Soon, but not yet.

1373
01:28:34,757 --> 01:28:37,588
[narrator] With that,
he gets the final word

1374
01:28:37,622 --> 01:28:39,452
on the meaning of Hitler.

1375
01:28:39,486 --> 01:28:43,248
Humans are animals
who kill other animals

1376
01:28:43,283 --> 01:28:45,837
of the same species.

1377
01:28:45,872 --> 01:28:48,323
They also develop the opposite,

1378
01:28:48,944 --> 01:28:50,635
because we are herd animals.

1379
01:28:50,670 --> 01:28:54,812
So we develop sympathy and love
and collaboration and so on

1380
01:28:54,846 --> 01:28:57,711
because a herd cannot
exist without that.

1381
01:28:58,540 --> 01:29:02,164
And so, there are two
conflicting elements

1382
01:29:02,198 --> 01:29:07,652
in all of human society
and all attempts to fight

1383
01:29:07,687 --> 01:29:11,553
the kind of Hitlerism that
we are discussing here

1384
01:29:12,657 --> 01:29:16,178
are really the
attempt to strengthen

1385
01:29:16,212 --> 01:29:20,907
one human reaction against
another human reaction.

1386
01:29:22,840 --> 01:29:26,982
The problem that we have is not
that the Nazis were inhuman,

1387
01:29:27,016 --> 01:29:28,397
but that they were human.

1388
01:29:29,398 --> 01:29:31,504
That's the basic
problem that we have,

1389
01:29:31,538 --> 01:29:33,989
with ourselves,
not with the Nazis.

1390
01:29:34,023 --> 01:29:36,474
We also act out our ideas.

1391
01:29:36,509 --> 01:29:39,063
Fortunately,
they are not Nazi ideas,

1392
01:29:39,097 --> 01:29:43,343
but the Nazi ideas
were acted out

1393
01:29:43,378 --> 01:29:45,690
by people who were
absolutely normal.

1394
01:29:48,831 --> 01:29:51,075
[soft music]

   
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